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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues continued (test) > Flashcards

Tissues continued (test) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are organized into ______

A

tissues

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2
Q

4 major types of tissues of the human body

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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3
Q

epithelial covers _______ organs, forms the ______, lines _____ _____ and ___ _______

A

covers internal organs, forms the skin, lines body cavities and hollow organs

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4
Q

the free surface is call what? what tissue is it in?

A

epithelial tissue, apical surface

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5
Q

what is the underside of epithelial tissue anchored by?

A

anchored by a basement membrane to connective tissue

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6
Q

what does epithelial tissue lack?

A

blood vessels

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7
Q

Why can epithelial injuries heal rapidly?

A

bc epithelial cells divide rapidly and continuously

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8
Q

Epithelial cells are ______ packed together

A

closely

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9
Q

in many places, what attach epithelial cells together?

A

cell junctions

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10
Q

Epithelial cell functions?

A

secretory surfaces, protective surfaces, and selective barriers (which limit transfer of substances in & out of the body)

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11
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

by shape and # of layers

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12
Q

squamous cells have what shape?

cuboidal? columnar?

A

squamous: flattened
cuboidal: cube-like
columnar: elongated (tall)/ rectangular

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13
Q

epithelial tissues with single layers of cells are called ?

those with two or more cell layers are called ?

A

simple

stratified

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14
Q

simple squamous epithelium consists of a ______ layer

A

single

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15
Q

substances pass through simple squamous epithelium using what kind of transport?

A

passive (like diffusion)

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16
Q

Examples of places to find simple squamous epithelium

A

air sacs of lungs, inner lining of ventral body cavities & blood vessels, and certain parts of the kidney

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17
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a _____ layer

A

single

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18
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is located?

A

in kidney tubules, lower respiratory passages, thyroid, salivary & mammary glands

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19
Q

simple columnar epithelium is composed of a _____ layer

A

single

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20
Q

cells of simple columnar can be _____ or _____

A

ciliated or non-ciliated

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21
Q

cilia aid in?

A

moving mucus and moving of particles

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22
Q

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the ______

A

gallbladder, ducts of many glands, gastrointestinal (digestive) tract

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23
Q

cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear to be what, but are not?

A

multiple layers, but they are not

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24
Q

some pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells have what ? what surface is it on?

A

cilia, apical surface

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25
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium not only usually contain cilia, but also have what and where?

A

goblet cells scattered throughout the secrete mucus

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26
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A

nasal cavity, parts of the male urethra, & upper respiratory tract

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27
Q

Cells nearest the free surface of stratified squamous epithelium are _____ (shape), while cells in the deepest layer are ______ (shape).

A

squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-like) near the deepest layer

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28
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of ____ layers of ___________ shaped cells

A

multiple layers of cuboidal (cube-like)

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29
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium located?

A

in the ducts of sweat glands

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30
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium consist of _____ layers of ______ shaped cells

A

mulitple layers of columnar (rectangular) chaped cells

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31
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium located:

A

cornea, parts of male urethra, ducts of certain glands

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32
Q

Transitional epithelium is specialized to _____

A

allow urinary organs to STRETCH

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33
Q

transitional epithelium forms the lining of what?

A

the urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra

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34
Q

glandular epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to…

A

secrete substances

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35
Q

exocrine glands secrete their products into ___

A

ducts/tubes

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36
Q

endocrine glands secrete their products into ______

A

interstitial fluid and blood

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37
Q

example of exocrine gland

A

sweat gland

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38
Q

connective tissue functions:

A

connect and bind organs, support weight of the body w/ bone & cartilage, protect organs, and transport blood

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39
Q

extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of _____

A

fibers (and ground substance)

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40
Q

what is the most common kind of cell in connective tissues?

A

Fibroblast

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41
Q

macrophages are specialized for ?

A

phagocytosis

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42
Q

what do fibroblasts produce?

A

fibers

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43
Q

mast cells are usually located near what?

A

blood vessels

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44
Q

histamine functions to ..

A

dialate blood vessels and help inflammation

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45
Q

3 types of fibers produced by fibroblasts?

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

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46
Q

collagenous fibers of composed of?

A

(protein) collagen

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47
Q

dense connective tissue contains abundant ________

A

collagenous fibers

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48
Q

elastic fibers are composed of _____

A

proteins like elastin

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49
Q

examples of places to find elastic fibers

A

in large blood vessels, skin, certain ligaments

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50
Q

Reticular fibers are ____ and form ______

A

collagen (and web-like) and forma internal structure of many organs

51
Q

where is loose connective tissue located?

A

EVERYWHERE IN THE BODY

-deep to epidermis, walls of hollow organs, membranes lining body cavities

52
Q

most cells of loose connective tissue are ______

A

fibroblasts

53
Q

functions of loose connective tissue :

A

support, strengthen (provide protection), elasticity , (house blood vessels supplying epithelium)

54
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells (found in many different connective tissue)

55
Q

where is adipose tissue located?

A

under skin, around heart & kidneys

56
Q

adipose tissue functions:

A

STORES FAT, (provides warmth, insulation, protection, shock absorption, major energy reserve in the body)

57
Q

reticular connective tissue is composed of…

A

reticular fibers in a gel matrix

58
Q

reticular connective tissue supports

A

liver, spleen, lymph nodes, immune system (smaller vessels and nerves and internal structure of many organs by forming it)

59
Q

dense connective tissue consists of _____

A

rows of fibroblasts

60
Q

regular dense connective tissue binds ____

A

muscles to bones (body parts together)

61
Q

irregular dense connective tissue is located

A

in the dermis of the skin

62
Q

elastic connective tissue consists of

A

elastic fibers with fibroblasts

63
Q

elastic connective tissue is located

A

(certain ligaments & blood vessels) lungs, trachea, arteries

64
Q

cartilage is a _____ connective tissue

A

ridgid, specialized

65
Q

cartilage provides __________

A

support, protection, and attachment to other structures

66
Q

cartilage extracellular matrix is composed of

A

collagen and elastic fibers

67
Q

cartilage cells are called

A

chondrocytes

68
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibro

69
Q

most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

70
Q

hyaline cartilage is located

A

nose, ear, trachea (between bones & joints, nose, respiratory tract, btwn sternum and ribs)

71
Q

elastic cartilage located

A

external ear

72
Q

fibrocartilage located

A

in invertebral discs and pelvic bone

73
Q

bone is the most _____ connective tissue

A

dense, ridgid, hardest

74
Q

bone functions to :

A

protect and store bone marrow

75
Q

bone matrix is deposited by bone cells called

A

osteocytes

76
Q

blood is composed of

A

plasma, red blod cells, white blood cells, and platelets

77
Q

plasma is

A

liquid matrix

liquid ECM in blood which is mostly water, dissolved solutes, and proteins

78
Q

cells types of blood are

A

red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes) blood cells

79
Q

skeletal muscle tissue forms ___

A

muscles

80
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is under conscious control which means its _____

A

voluntary

81
Q

skeletal muscle tissue function:

A

move bones

produce body movement

82
Q

smooth muscle tissue is called smooth because?

A

it lacks striations

83
Q

smooth muscle tissue is located ?

A

in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, eyes, skin, ducts of certain glands)

84
Q

why is smooth muscle involuntary

A

contracts with out conscious

brain has no conscious control of its contraction

85
Q

where is cardiac muscle located

A

only in the heart

86
Q

what is an intercalated disc and what tissue has it ?

A

its a cell junction

in cardiac muscle tissue

87
Q

like skeletal muscle, cardiac is ____ but unlike skeletal muscle it is _____

A

striated, branched/involuntary

88
Q

like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is ____

A

involuntary

89
Q

which muscle tissues are involuntary?
striated?
uninucleate?

A

smooth and cardiac, skeletal is voluntary
skeletal & cardiac are striated, smooth is not
smooth & cardiac are uni, skeletal is multinucleate

90
Q

where are nervous tissue found?

A

brain and nervous system, (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

91
Q

basic cells of nervous tissue are

A

neurons

92
Q

in addition to neurons, nervous tissues also includes?

A

neuroglical cells (support neuron activities)

93
Q

epithelial membranes are composed of

A

epithelial and underlying connective tissue

94
Q

3 types of epithelial membranes are

A

serous
cutaneous
mucous

95
Q

serous membranes line _____ and secrete ____ fluid

A

body cavities not open to the exterior, secrete serous

96
Q

mucous membranes line _______ and secrete ____

A

body passages that open outside of the body, mucus

97
Q

cutaneous membrane is more commonly called what?

A

the skin

98
Q

what tissues are cell junctions in ?

A

most epithelia tissue and some muscle/nerve cells

99
Q

what do cell junctions do?

A

join cells together between cell membranes

100
Q

cells junctions have _____functions in _____ tissues

A

different functions in different tissues

101
Q

what are the 5 cell junctions ?

A 
tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
102
Q

tight junctions function & location

A

f: fuse cells together tightly to prevent substances passing between cells
l: linings of stomach, intestines, and bladder

103
Q

adherens junctions function & location

A

f: resist separation of cells when stretched
location: urinary bladder, uterus

104
Q

desmosomes function & location

A

f: prevent separationg of cells under tension or contraction
l: epidermis, cardiac muscle cells

105
Q

hemidesmosomes function & location

A

f: attach cells to membranes- not to each other
l: skin cells attached to basement membrane
(cant pull off your arm)

106
Q

gap junctions function & location

A

f: allows cells to communicate with one another (impulses)
l: nervous system, heart muscle, gastrointestinal tract

107
Q

define tissue repair

A

process of wound healing

dead and damaged cells are removed and replaced with new cells of tissues

108
Q

2 types of repair

A

regeneration & fibrosis

109
Q

define regneration

A

dead & damaged cells are replaced with cells of same type
(like a paper cut)

110
Q

what tissues typically undergo regeneration?

A

epithelial, most connective & smooth

cartilage undergoes fibrosis

111
Q

define fibrosis

A

fibroblasts fill in gaps left from injury
tissues are not capable of full regeneration
(fibroblasts divide by mitosis, produce collagen which fills in gap & tissues loses some level of functional ability)

112
Q

which tissues generally heal by fibrosis?

A

cardiac, skeletal muscle and nervous tissue

113
Q

what is the end result of fibrosis?

A

development of scar tissue composed of dense irregular connective tissue

114
Q

list of factors that affect tissue repair?

A

nutrition - proteins and vitamin c
blood circulation- transport O2 nutrients
age - faster when younger

115
Q

function of serous membranes?

A

reduces friction created when organs move within respective membranes

116
Q

membrane type in moveable joints like knee and shoulder

A

synovial

117
Q

which membrane is the only non-epithelial

A

synovial, made up of 2 connective tissue layers without a layer of epithelial cells

118
Q

membrane that has perietal and visceral layers

A

serous

119
Q

membrane adapted for absorption and secretion

A

mucous membrane

120
Q

which are the wet membranes

A

mucuous, serous, and synovial

cutaneous is the dry membrane

121
Q

only membrane with goblet cells?

A

mucous

122
Q

which epithelial cell can secrete mucus?

A

Columnar epithelium because of the goblet cells!

123
Q

epithelium of this membrane is always simple squamous

A

serous

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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