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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > CNS: The Brain & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

CNS: The Brain & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Protection of CNS is called? What does it contain? location?

A

Meninges

  • 3 connective tissue layers
  • btwn skull/vertebrae & brain/spinal cord
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2
Q

3 protective connective tissue layers are?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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3
Q

Dura Mater
description?
function?
contains?

A

superficial (outside) layer, strongest
connects to periosteum of bones
contains Dural Sineses

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4
Q

what are dural sinuses?

function?

A

spaces within the dura mater

drains blood from brain to neck veins

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5
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Avascular (no blood circulation), middle layer

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6
Q

Protection- Cerebrospinal Fluid

description? functions? movement? formed?

A

clear, colorless liquid
protects against chemical & physical injuries
carries 02, glucose, & chemicals from blood to neurons & neuroglia
continuously circulates through subarachnoid space
formed in the ventricles (4) of the brain

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7
Q

whats the subarachnoid space?

A

its the space btwn arachnoid & pia mater

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8
Q

Where is Cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

formed in the ventricles of the brain

  • substances filtered from blood plasma & secreted through ependymal cells
    • (mostly water)
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9
Q

Pia Mater

description? location? function?

A

thin, transparent
adheres tightly to brain & spinal cord surfaces
vascular (blood circulation) - nutrient supply

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10
Q

CSF stands for ?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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11
Q

CSF Functions (3)

A

Mechanical protection
Chemical protection
Circulation

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12
Q

Mechanical Protection of CSF involves? (function)

A

shock absorber

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13
Q

Chemical Protectionof CSF involves? (function)

A

Maintains optimal chemical environment w/ ions

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14
Q

Circulation of CSF involves? (function)

A

Provides exchange of nutrients & wastes btwn blood & nervous tissue

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15
Q

White Matter of CNS

A

bundles of mylinated & unmyelinated axons

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16
Q

Gray Matter of CNS

A

contains dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon temirnals, & neuroglia

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17
Q

Gray vs White Matter of CNS ?

A

White matter- has MYELINATED (& unmyelinated) axons

Gray matter- only has UNMYELINATED axons

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18
Q

Spinal cord consists of : (3)

A

1) bony vertebral column (bones & vertebrae, 31 spinal nerves)
2) Meninges
3) Epidural space

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19
Q

What’s the epidural space?

location? function?

A

(gap) spinal cord consists of this
- space btwn dura mater & vertebral column
- consists of fat & connective tissue for protection

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20
Q

spinal cord anatomy, how is it divided?

A

divided into right & left halves

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21
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior (ventral) median fissure

Posterior (dorsal) median fissure

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22
Q

fissure

A

groove, fold or slit

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23
Q

sulcus

A

groove or depression btwn 2 parts

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24
Q

difference btwn fissure & sulcus

A

fissure- shallow cut

sulcus- deeper cut

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25
Q

spinal cord anatomy, white & gray matter

A

white matter surrounds ‘H shaped’ gray matter

central canal in center of gray matter, contains CSF!

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26
Q

Gray matter

how is it divided?

A

divided into regions called: horns

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27
Q

what are the 3 divisions (horns) of gray matter?

A

posterior (dorsal) gray horn
anterior (ventral) horn
lateral gray horn

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28
Q

Posterior (dorsal) gray horn

A
  • cell bodies & axons of INTERNEURONS - send impulses to other parts of spinal cord & brain
  • axons of incoming sensory neurons
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29
Q

Anterior (ventral) gray horn

A

cell bodies & axons of SOMATIC MOTOR (movement) neurons (MUSCLE CONTRACTION)

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30
Q

Lateral gray horn

A

-cell bodies of AUTONOMIC MOTOR neurons that regulate cardiac, smooth muscle, & gland activities
-only in thoracic & upper lumbar spinal region
(EX: heart beat, breathing, digestion)

31
Q

Function of gray matter in spinal cord

A

receives & integrates incoming & out going information

32
Q

White matter how is it organized?

A 
organized into:
anterior columns
lateral columns
posterior columns
(COLUMNS NOT HORNS) (white matter- cheese strings=columns (made up of tracts))
33
Q

white matter, what does each column contain?

A

each column contains 1 or more tracts

34
Q

tract

A

bundles of axons carrying same info to same destination

35
Q

what are the 2 tracts of white matter?

A

Sensory (Afferent) Tracts

Motor (Descending) Tracts

36
Q

Sensory (Ascending) Tracts

A

sends impulses toward brain (touch, pain, pressure, sound, etc)

37
Q

Motor (Descending) Tracts

A

sends impulses down the spinal cord (in response to stimuli)

38
Q

Function of White Matter in spinal cord

A

propagates sensory impulses from receptors to brain

sends motor impulses from brain to effectors (muscles, glands)

39
Q

Spinal Roots

location? purpose?

A

axons of neurons extend from spinal cord to converge to form ‘roots’
connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

40
Q

What are the 2 spinal roots?

A

Anterior or Ventral Roots

Posterior or Dorsal Roots

41
Q

Anterior or Ventral Roots

what neurons are involved? what do they do?

A

motor neurons

conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

42
Q

Posterior or Dorsal Roots

what neurons are involved? what do they do?

A

Sensory neurons
conduct impulses from sensory receptors into CNS
Dorsal root ganglion- cell bodies of sensory neurons

43
Q

what is it called when the Anterior or Ventral Roots & the Posterior or Dorsal Roots form?

A

when they meet, they form spinal nerves

44
Q

what are the spinal roots function?

A

2 bundles of axon (called roots) connect each spinal nerve to spinal cord

45
Q

Posterior or Dorsal Roots
contain?
impulses from…?

A

contain ONLY sensory axons

-impulses from sense receptor in skin, muscles, and internal organs

46
Q

Anterior or Ventral Roots
contain?
impulses from…?

A

contain axons of motor neurons

-conduct impulses from CNS to muscles & glands

47
Q

Spinal Reflexes

description? help do what?

A

fast, involuntary response to a stimulus
-can be inborn or learned behavior
help maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntary processes

48
Q

type of reflexes? (4)

A

spinal reflex
cranial reflex
somatic reflex
autonomic (viseral) reflex

49
Q

spinal reflex

description & example

A

integration in spinal cord gray matter

EX: knee jerk reflex (patellar reflex)

50
Q

cranial reflex

description & example

A

integration in brain stem

EX: eye movement (like blinking)

51
Q

somatic reflex

example

A

EX: muscle contraction

52
Q

autonomic (viseral) reflex

description

A

responses of smooth muscle, heart, & glands

AUTOMATIC

53
Q

pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex (5 steps)

A

1) stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle) (dendrites recept, stimulus produces graded potential)
2) sensory neuron excited (relay neurons to send impulse to area of brain for conscious awareness, axon to gray matter of spinal cord or brain stem (afferent neurons))
3) within integrating center (gray matter of spinal cord), sensory neuron activates motor neuron (processes impulse)
4) motor neuron excited (transmit impulse from CNS to part of body)
5) effector (muscle or gland) contracts & relieves the stretching

54
Q

reflex arcs allow for what?

A

fast, involuntary processing & responses to stimuli

55
Q

spinal vs cranial reflexes

A

spinal occur in the spinal cord

cranial occur in the brain

56
Q

are reflexes internal or external?

A

both internal & external

57
Q

spinal cord extends from _______ of the skull to the ______ region of the vertebral column.

A 
brain stem (foramen magnum or base of the skull)
lumbar region
58
Q

meninges cover spinal cord, extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which CSF can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord. this procedure is called a

A

spinal tap

59
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise form the cord?

A

31

60
Q

of the 31, how many pairs are cervical?

A

8

61
Q

of the 31 spinal nerves, how many pairs are thoracic?

A

12

62
Q

of the 31 spinal nerves, how many pairs are lumbar?

A

5

63
Q

of the 31 spinal nerves, how many pairs are sacral?

A

5

64
Q

what the order from medulla oblongata to coccygeal for spinal nerves?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

65
Q

afferent means?
efferent mean?
association neurons mean?

A

afferent- sensory
efferent-motor
association-interneurons

66
Q

neuron type found in dorsal horn?

A

association neurons

67
Q

neuron type found in ventral horn

A

efferent, motor

68
Q

neuron type found in dorsal root ganglion

A

afferent, sensory

69
Q

fiber type in ventral root

A

efferent, motor

70
Q

fiber type in dorsal root

A

afferent, sensory

71
Q

fiber type in spinal nerve

A

both efferent & afferent

72
Q

damage to this fiber type would lead to loss of sensory function

A

afferent

73
Q

damage to this fiber type would result in motor function loss

A

efferent

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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