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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane composed of dense irregular collagenous tissues
Forms a covering, rich with blood vessels & nerves
Surrounds outer surface of long bones

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2
Q

What bone structure is the periosteum associated with?

A

LONG BONE structure

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3
Q

Sharpeys ( aka perforating ) fibers

A

Made of collagen

Anchors periosteum firmly to underlying bone surface by penetrating deep into bone matrix

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

Each end is its epiphyses

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5
Q

Epiphysis

Covered with what?

A

Covered w/ a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) found within joints (articulations) between bones

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6
Q

Marrow cavity?

A

Within diaphysis, it’s a hollow cavity

Contains either red or yellow bone marrow, depending on bone & age of individual

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard, dense outer region that allows bone to resist linear compression & twisting forces among other stresses
(Linear compression is a vertical squash)

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8
Q 
Spongy bone 
Aka ...?
Found?
Structure?
Functions?
A

Aka cancellous bone
Found inside compact bone
Honeycomb-like frame work of bone struts
Allows long bones to resist forces from many directions
Provides a cavity for bone marrow

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9
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane covering inner surfaces of bone
Contains different populations of bone cells involved in maintenance of bone homeostasis (building new cells -> skeleton every 10yrs)

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10
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

Found separating both proximal and distal epiphyses from diaphysis
Remnants of epiphyseal plates (growth plates), a line of hyaline cartilage found in delegating bones of children
-replaced by bone by age 18-21

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11
Q

Short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones do not have what?

A

Do NOT have diaphyses, epiphyses, medullary cavities, epiphyseal lines, or epiphyseal plates

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12
Q

Characteristics of Flat, Irregular, Short, & Sesamoid bones

A
  • Covered by periosteum, blood vessels, & nerves like long bone
  • Internal structure composed of 2 outer layers of think compact bone with a middle layer of spongy bone, & it’s associated bone marrow
  • some flat & irregular bones of skull contain hollow air-filled spaces called sinuses, which reduce bone weight
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13
Q

Sinuses

A

Hollow air-filled spaces that reduce bone weight

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14
Q

Is bone living or nonliving?

A

Bone is a living tissue

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15
Q

What are bones supplied with?

A

Well supplied w/ blood vessels & sensory nerve fibers

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16
Q

What bones does blood supply to?

A

Supplies to short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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17
Q

How are bones supplied with blood vessels and sensory nerve fibers?

A

Provided mostly by vessels in the periosteum that penetrate bone.

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18
Q

How is blood supply divided?

A

Long bones get 1/3 blood supply from periosteum; mostly supplies compact bone
Remaining 2/3 is supplied by nutrient arteries
-enter bone through small hole in diaphysis called nutrient foramen
-supply internal structures of bone

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

BREAK DOWN BONE

Responsible for bone resorption

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20
Q

Bone resorption
What do each parts do?
Released where after doing its job?

A

Process where cell secretes hydrogen ions & enzymes that break down bone matrix

 - hydrogen ions dissolve inorganic matrix; enzymes break down organic matrix 
       - substances released into blood where reused or excreted from the body as waster products
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21
Q

Histology of compact bone

A

In cross section, resembles forest of tightly packed tress where each tree is a unit called an patron or a Haversian system
Rings of each tree are made up of thin layers of bone called lamellae
(Lamellae looks like a stacked cake)

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22
Q

What does the skeletal system include?

A

Bones, joints, and associated supporting tissues.

Composed of bone marrow, dense irregular & irregular collagenous connective tissue

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23
Q

Osteon structure components?

A

central canal, collagen fibers in lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes, lamellae, artery,vein, nerve, canaliculi

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24
Q

lamellae in osteons?

aka?

A

each osteon contains between 4 & 20 lamellae arranged in layered ring structures also known as concentric lamellae

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25
Q

function of lamellae in osteon?

A

lamellar arrangement is very stress resistant

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26
Q

collagen fibers in osteon?

A

collagen fibers of neighboring lamellae run in opposite directions
VERY STRONG

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27
Q

Central canal in osteon?

A

Central (Haversian) canal- endosteum-lined hole found in center of each osteon where blood vessels & nerves reside to supply bone

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28
Q

Lacunae in osteons?

A

connected to one another by a network of canals in matrix called canaliculi
contains osteocytes

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29
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

red & yellow

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30
Q

red bone marrow

A

loose connective tissue that supports islands of blood-forming hematopoietic cells

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31
Q

facts of red bone marrow?

Age? Adult? Children?

A

amount DECREASES as a person ages
red marrow in adult is found only in pelvis, proximal femur, & humerus, vertebra, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, & some bones of the skull
Children need more red to assist in growth & development (adults dont need as much bc they are older & not growing)

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32
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

composed of triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

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33
Q

Bone or osseous tissue

A

composed mostly of extracellular matrix w/ a small population of cells scattered throughout

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34
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of ?

A

Inorganic & organic matrix

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35
Q

Inorganic matrix consists of?

A

consisting of minerals make up about 65% of bones total weight
HARD

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36
Q

Organic matrix consists of?

A

makes up remaining 35%, consists of collagen fibers & usual ECM components
FLEXIBLE

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37
Q

main different between organic & inorganic matrix

A

inorganic- harden bone

organic- flexible (bc collagen)

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38
Q

inorganic matrix

made up of? which ones? function?

A

mainly calcium salts
bone stores around 85% total calcium ions in body as well as large amount of phosphorus:
ions form crystalline structure that makes bone one of hardest substances in body
bicarbonate, potassium, magnesium, and sodium are also found in inorganic matrix

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39
Q

Organic matrix

aka? consists?

A

known as osteod; consists of protein fibers & bone-specific proteins

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40
Q

Collagen

location? definition? function?

A

in organic bone matrix, predominant protein fibers
forms cross-links w/ one another
helps bone resist torsion (twisting) & tensile (pulling or stretching) forces

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41
Q

Bones continually change as ______ bone is ________ for raw materials to ________________

A

older bone is broken down for raw materials to build new bone

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42
Q

3 types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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43
Q

osteoblasts

A

active bone cells found in periosteum & endosteum

BUILD MATRIX WHEN WE NEED NEW BONE

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44
Q

Osteogenic cells

aka? description?

A

Stem cells for bone

Flattened cells that differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated by specific chemical signals (type of stem cell)

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45
Q

Bone-building cells

A

perform bone deposition

osteoblasts

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46
Q

bone deposition

A

osteoblasts secrete organic matrix materials & assist in formation of inorganic matrix

47
Q

Osteocytes

how are they made? definition?

A

mature bone cells
osteoblasts eventually surround themselves w/ bone matrix in lacuna, become osteocytes that are no longer actively synthesizing bone matrix

48
Q

lacuna

A

small cavity

49
Q

Spongy bone

function? description?

A

usually not weight-bearing like compact bone so is much less densely packed
provide protective structure for bone marrow tissue

50
Q

trabeculae

location & description

A

struts or ribs of bone
covered w/ endosteum & usually not arranged into osteons, composed of concentric lamellae
IN SPONGY BONE

51
Q

lacunae are found where?

A

in concentric lamellae, in trabeculae, in spongy bone

contain osteocytes

52
Q

how does spongy bone obtain blood supply?

A

no central or perforating canals supplying blood to trabeculae; obtain blood supply from vessels in bone marrow

53
Q

ossification is what?

A

bone formation

54
Q

how many types of ossification are there? what are they?

A

2
intramembraneous ossification
endochondral ossification

55
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A

bone forms directly from mesenchyme-> osteogenic cells-> osteoblasts
-begins about 6th embryonic week during fetal development

56
Q

where does ossification occur?

A

embryo & fetus development
infancy, childhood, adolescence
bone remodeling/repair

57
Q

what bones form from intramembraneous ossification

what happens if it’s incomplete

A

FLAT, broad bones
-skull, mandible, clavicle
incomplete intramembraneous ossification causes Fontanels (soft spots) in newborn skull

58
Q

Endochondral ossification

what happens? what bones form? when are bones completely ossified?

A

bone forms within & replaces cartilage model
all bones below head except clavicle
most bones are completely ossified by age 7

59
Q

Long bone growth

means? due to? what happens to diaphysis? when does growth stop?

A

longitudinal growth in length

  • due to cell division of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate
  • diaphysis of bone increases in length
  • by age 18-21 growth stops
60
Q

Growth in width

means? what happens? how long can this go on?

A

appositional (width) growth

  • osteoblasts btwn periosteum & bone surface make new bone
  • forms new circumferential lamellae
  • older deeper lamellae are removed or incorporated into osteons
  • process can continue after longitudinal growth stops
61
Q

Bone remodeling

defintion? includes? adult vs child?

A

continuous replacement of old bone tissue formation & loss

  • bone deposition & resorption
  • adult: formation & loss occur simultaneously
  • childhood: deposition occurs faster than resorption
62
Q

Bone resorption

A

removal of minerals & collagen fibers by OSTEOCLASTS

63
Q

bone depostion

A

Addition of minerals & collagen fibers by OSTEOBLASTS

-About 5% of total bone mass is remodeled at any given time (skeleton every 10 yrs)

64
Q

Factors affecting bone remodeling? (5)

A 
Minerals
Vitamins
Hormones
Activity Level
Diet
65
Q

Minerals that affect bone remodeling

A

magnesium, phosphorus, calcium in blood

need 1,000 to 1,500 mg Ca per day

66
Q

Vitamins that affect bone remodeling

A

Vitamin A- stimulates osteoblasts
Vitamin C- helps synthesize collagen
Vitamin D- calcium absorption

67
Q

Hormones that affect bone remodeling

A

Growth hormones- stimulates cartilage & bone growth
Parathyroid hormones- stimulate osteoblasts
Calcitonin- stimulates osteoclasts

68
Q

Activity level affecting bone remodeling

A

weight bearing exercise (makes osteoblasts work ->build up bone!)

69
Q

Fracture

A

any break in a bone

70
Q

Simple Fracture

A

skin & tissue around fracture remain tack

71
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Skin & tissues around fracture are damaged

72
Q

Stress Fracture

A

Series of microscopic fissures in bone

w/o evidence of injury to other tissues

73
Q

Types of fractures (5)

A 
comminuted
greenstick
impacted
spiral
simple
74
Q

comminuted fracture

A

splintered or crushed bone

75
Q

greenstick fracture

A

partial fracture

76
Q

impacted fracture

A

one end of fractured bone forcefully driven into interior of the other (jump off building)

77
Q

spiral fracture

A

bone twists in opposite directions (football)

78
Q

simple fracture

A

bone breaks totally w/o breaking the skin

79
Q

Demineralization

A

loss of Ca & minerals from extracellular matrix bc of aging

  • after age 30 females and after age 60 in males osteoblasts slow down
  • about 30% of Ca in bones lost by age 70
80
Q

what happens to bone when aging?

A

loss of bone mass & brittleness

81
Q

Loss of bone mass

means?

A

more bone is lost than made
increase in osteoclast activity
demineralization

82
Q

Brittleness

A

decreased rate in protein synthesis & production of collagen fibers

83
Q

Skeletal diseases (9)

A 
Paget's disease
Osteoporosis
Osteophytes (Bone Spurs)
Hallux Valgus (Bunions)
Rickets
Scurvy
Scoliosis
Lordosis
Kyphosis
84
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

abnormal bone remodeling process
most common in adults
heredity
Symptoms: pain bone deformity, arthritis

85
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Deterioration of cartilage & bone
Caused by aging & genetics
Bones become brittle & break easily (FRAGILE)
Symptoms: joint swelling, muscle weakness, limited movement (why older ppl break hip)

86
Q

Osteophytes (bone spurs)

A

bony projections develop along edges of bone - near joints
caused by osteoartritis/osteoporosis
Symptoms: pain or loss of motion in joints, inflammation

87
Q

Hallux valgus (Bunions)

A

Enlargement of bone at joint of base of big toe
caused by narrow toe shoes
Symptoms: swelling, displacement of big toe

88
Q

Rickets

A

Softening/weakening of bones due to lack of vitamin D
Symptoms: Bowed legs, curved spine, fragile bones
(like in Africa, under developed countries)

89
Q

Scurvy

A

Abnormalities in bone development, epiphyseal disease, lifting of periosteum
lack vitamin C
Symptoms: Loose teeth, bleeding gums, degeneration of cartilage
(like pirate teeth)

90
Q

Scoliosis

A

Curvature of spine from side to side
‘S’ shape
Symptoms: lean to 1 side, uneven shoulder or waist height

91
Q

Lordosis

A

Curvature of spine from front to back
“sway back”
Symptoms: sway back, pain in lumbar region

92
Q

Kyphosis

A

Curvature of upper spine
‘Dowers Hump’
Symptoms: leaning forward, hump back

93
Q

Functions of the skeletal system? (6)

A 
Protection
Mineral storage & acid-base homeostasis
Blood cell formation
Fat storage
Movement
Support
94
Q

Protection

A

skeleton protects underlying vital organs such as the brain

95
Q

Mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis

A

bone stores minerals such as Ca and phosphorus which are necessary for electrolyte & acid-base balance
store house for Ca P and MG salts (P & Mg for pH balance)

96
Q

Blood cell formation

A

red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

97
Q

Fat storage

A 
yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides 
fat cells (adipocytes) used for fuel by cell (ATP)
98
Q

Movement

A

muscles produce body movement via their attachment to bones

MUSCLE CONTRACT->BONES MOVE (MUSCLES MAKE BONES MOVE)

99
Q

Support

A

the skeleton supports the weight of the body

provides structural framework (HARD BONES)

100
Q

Long bone

definition & examples

A

bone is longer than it is wide, named for overall shape

ex. Femur, Tibia, Humerus

101
Q

short bone

definition & examples

A

bone is about as long as it is wide, roughly cubed shape

ex. wrist or carpal & ankles or tarsals

102
Q

Flat bone

definition & examples

A

bone is broad, flat, and thin

ex. ribs,pelvic, sternum (breastbone) MOST BONES IN SKULL

103
Q

irregular bone

definition & examples

A

bone’s shape does not fit into other classes, irregular shape
ex. vertebra and certain skull bones

104
Q

sesamoid bone

definition & examples

A

round, flat bone found within tendon

  • specialized bones located within tendons, usually small, flat & oval-shaped
    ex. kneecap, within tendons
105
Q

how are the bones classified ?

A

by shape, into 5 classes

106
Q

difference between long & short bone

A

long- named for overall shape

short- roughly cubed shape

107
Q

Intramembraneous ossification means what?

A

within (intra) 2 layers (membraneous)

108
Q

process of intramembraneous ossification

A

1) osteoblasts develop in the primary ossification center
2) osteoblasts secrete organic matrix which calcifies
3) early spongy bone is formed
4) early compact bone is formed

109
Q

endochondral ossification means what?

A

inside (endo) replacing cartilage (chondral)

110
Q

process of endochondral ossification

A

1) chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts
2a) Osteoblasts build bone collar on bone;s external surface as bone begins to ossify from the outside
2b) Simultaneously, internal cartilage begins to cacify & chondrocytes die
3 )In primary oss, center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage w/ early spongy bone; secondary oss. centers & medullary cavity develop
4) As medullay cavity enlarges, remaining cartilage is replaced by bone; epiphyses finish ossifying

111
Q

process of fracture repair

A

1) Hematoma fills gap btwn bone fragments (Hematoma formation (blood clot) -6-8 hrs after fracture)
2) Fibroblasts & chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma, & soft callus forms (fibrocartilaginous callus form cartilage& fibers to form soft callus, about 3 wks to form)
3) Osteoblasts build bone (bony callus, forms hard callus lasts 3-4 months to make callus)
4) Bone callus is remodeled & primary bone is replaced w/ secondary bone (remodeling, restores new bone structure) (takes about 1 yr, area stronger than any other bc its new!)

112
Q

functions of osteoblasts & osteocytyes

A

1) osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts
2) osteoblasts deposit bone until they are trapped & become osteocytes
3) osteocytes maintain the bone extracellular matrix

113
Q

mono-nucleic vs multi

A

osteocytes and osteoblasts- 1 nuclei

osteoclasts, large ruffled w/ multi nuclei

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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