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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > Joints (articulations) > Flashcards

Joints (articulations) Flashcards

1
Q

joints also known as

A

articulations

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2
Q

what is true for every bone

A

every bone is connected to at least 1 other bone

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3
Q

functional classifications of joints. how are they classified? what are the types?

A

classified by how much motion they allow

  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthosis
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4
Q

after functional, how are they classified?

A

structural classification

classified by structure features

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5
Q

how are the structural classifications split up?

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

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6
Q

what do fibrous joints include?

A
  • joined by dense regular collagenous connective tissue
  • NO joint space btwn articulating bone
  • Can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
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7
Q

types of fibrous joints (3)

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gumphosis

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8
Q

what do sutures include?

A

(fibrous joint)

  • joined by short fibers, immovable joints
    • EX: bones of skull
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9
Q

what does syndesmosis include?

A

(fibrous joint)

  • joint by short ligaments
  • small amount of movement
    • EX: btwn tibia & fibula, ulna & radius
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10
Q

what does gumphosis include?

A

(fibrous joint)

  • joined by short ligament, immovable
    • EX: btwn tooth & bony socket (why so hard to pull teeth out)
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11
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A

symphysis

synchondrosis

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12
Q

what does symphysis include?

A

(cartilaginous joint)

  • flat disc or plug of FIBROcartilage
  • amphiathrosis
    • EX: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
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13
Q

what does synchondrosis include?

A

(cartilaginous joint)
0-bones connected by HYALINE cartilage
-synarthrosis
-EX: ribs & sternum, epiphyseal plates

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14
Q

how are synovial joints described?

A
  • bone ends separated by joint cavity
  • joint surface enclosed in articular capsule (connective tissue)
  • freely movable but less stability
  • most body joints
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15
Q

structural elements of synovial joints (6)

A
  • joint cavity
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial fluid
  • avascular
  • articular capsule
  • adispose tissue, nerves, & blood vessles
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16
Q

what are the support structures in synovial joints?

A

ligaments
tendons
bursa

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17
Q

difference between the 3 support structures in synovial joints?

A

ligaments- links BONE to bone
tendons- connects MUSCLE to bone
bursa- synovial fluid filled psace btwn movable parts (protects joint)

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18
Q

classes of synovial joints (4)

where does the movement occur? around?

A

synovial joint movement occurs in different planes around an axis

  • nonaxial joints
  • uniaxial joints
  • biaxial joints
  • multiaxial joints
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19
Q

describe a nonaxial joint

example?

A

motion occurs in 1 OR MORE planes not around an axis

-EX: between carpals

20
Q

describe a uniaxial joint

example?

A

motion occurs around 1 axis

-EX: elbow joint

21
Q

describe a biaxial joint

example?

A

motion occurs around 2 axes

-EX: proximal phalanges & metacarpals

22
Q

describe a multiaxial joint

example?

A

motion occurs around 3 axes

-EX: shoulder

23
Q

types of synovial joints? (6)

A 
gliding or plane
hinge
pivot
ball & socket
condyloid
saddle
24
Q

what does gliding or plane include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • btwn flat surfaces of 2 bones
  • nonaxial
    • EX: intercarpals (btwn carpals & metacarpals, btwn wrist bone), intertarsals, vertebrae
25
Q

what does hinge include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • rounded (convex surface) of 1 bone fits into a concave surface of other bone
    • EX: elbow (and knee, like hinge on a door)
26
Q

what does pivot include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • round end of 1 bone rests in shallow groove of another bone
  • uniaxial- pivots or rotates
    • EX: btwn axis/atlas & radius/ulna (when turning head, first vertebrae called atlas, second is axis)
27
Q

what does condyloid include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • convex surface of 1 bone fits into shallow concave surface of another bone
  • biaxial
    • EX: occipital/atlas (nod & shake head) , metacarpals/phalanges (move finger out & up/down)
28
Q

what does saddle include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • both bones have both a concave & convex region
  • biaxial
    • EX: btwn thumb metacarpals/ wrist bone, sternum/clavicle
29
Q

what does ball & socket include?

A

(synovial joint)

  • spherical part of 1 bone fits into cuplike depression of the other bone
  • multiaxial
    • EX: shoulder, hip
30
Q

movements at synovial joints (7)

what does this mean? motion?

A

specific types of angular motion

  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • curcumduction
  • rotation
31
Q

what is flexion?

A

angular motion
DECREASES angle btwn articulating bones by bringing bones closer to one another
(EX. bicep flex)

32
Q

what is extension?

A

angular motion
INCREASES angle btwn articulating bones, articulating bones move away from one another
(EX. wave hand formation)

33
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

angular motion
extension BEYOND anatomical position of joint
(EX. waitress)

34
Q

what is abduction?

A

angular motion
motion of a body part AWAY from midline of body or another reference point
(EX. jumping jacks going to form X)

35
Q

what is adduction?

A

angular motion
motion of a body part TOWARDS midline of body or another reference point
(EX. jumping jacks to start position)

36
Q

what is circumduction?

A

angular motion
freely movbeable distal bone moves on a fixed proximal bone in a CONE-SHAPED MOTION; combination of flexion-extension & abduction-adduction
(EX. fast pitch pitcher’s wind up circle)

37
Q

what is rotation?

A

nonangular motion
one bone rotates on an imaginary line running down its middle longitudinal axis
(EX. ballet, 1st->2nd position)

38
Q

special movements at synovial joints (12)

A
  • opposition -reposition
  • depression -elavation
  • protraction -retraction
  • inversion -eversion
  • dorsiflexion -plantarflexion
  • supination -pronation
39
Q

what is opposition and reposition?

A

opposition: opposition of thumb at first carpometacarpal joint allows thumb to MOVE ACROSS PALMAR SURFACE
repositon: reposition is OPPOSITE MOVEMENT that returns thumb to ANATOMICAL position
BOTH INVOLVE THUMB MOVEMENT

40
Q

what is depression and elevation?

A

depression: movement of a body part in an INFERIOR direction (below another body part/ towards the feet)
elevation: moves a body part in a SUPERIOR (toward the head/top)
EX. depression- drop jaw, shoulder down
elevation- close jaw, shrug shoulders

41
Q

what is protraction and retraction?

A

protraction: moves a body part in an ANTERIOR (toward front) direction
retraction: moves a body part in a POSTERIOR (toward back) direction
EX. protraction- bottom jaw teeth over maxilla
retraction-over bite

42
Q

what is inversion and eversion?

A

inversion: rotational motion where plantar surface of foot rotates medially TOWARD midline of body
eversion: rotates foot laterally AWAY from midline
ex. inversion- in, ankle on big toe side
eversion- out, ankle on pinky toe side

43
Q

what is dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?

A

dorsiflexion: movement where angle btwn foot & leg DECREASES
plantarflexion: angle btwn foot & leg INCREASES
EX. dorsiflexion- standing on heel
plantarflexion- standing on toes

44
Q

what is supination and pronation

A

supination: rotational movements of wrist & ankle region (counterclockwise for left hand/ ankle)
pronation: rotational movements of wrist & ankle regions (clock wise for left hand/wrist)
-opposite for right hand
Ex. QUEEN WAVE
anatomical position is supination

45
Q

Functions of joints? (2)

A

hold bones together

allow skeleton flexibility to move

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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