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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > The Kidney (Urinary System Section) > Flashcards

The Kidney (Urinary System Section) Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Anatomy

long/thick/wide? oz? located where? positioning?

A

About 4-5 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, 1 in. thick
4.5-5oz
Located btwn 12th thoracic & 3rd lumbar vertebrae
Right kidney slightly lower than left (bc of liver on the right)

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2
Q

Tissue Coverings of the Kidney

how many layers? what are they?

A

3 tissue layers:

  • Renal Capsule
  • Adipose capsule
  • Renal Fascia
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3
Q

Renal Capsule

description? function?

A

(covering of kidney)
deepest- dense connective tissue
helps maintain shape & keep infections out

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4
Q

Adipose capsule

description? function?

A

middle layer- fatty

protects & holds kidneys in place

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5
Q

Renal Fascia

description? function?

A

outer layer- thin dense irreg. connective tissue

holds kidneys to abdominal wall

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6
Q

Nephrons

def? how many? consists of what 2 parts?

A 
functional unit of kidney 
1 million nephrons per kidney
consists of 2 parts:
-Renal Corpuscle
-Renal Tubule
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7
Q

(Nephron part)
Renal Corpuscle
contains (2)? function?

A

Glomerulus-capillary netowrk
Bowman’s Capsule-double walled epithelial cells (collects from diffusion btwn)
Function: Blood plasma filteration

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8
Q

(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
what are the 3 sections?

A

3 sections:

  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle (nephron loop)
  • distal convoluted tubule
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9
Q

(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-proximal convoluted tubule (description? location? funct?)

A

highly coiled portion
located in cortex
reabsorption & secretion take place

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10
Q

(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-loop of Henle (nephron loop) (location? composed of (2)?)

A

located in cortex and renal medulla
ascending limb of Henle
descending limb of Henle

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11
Q

(Nephron part)
Renal Tubule
-distal convoluted tubule (location? description? funct.?)

A

located in cortex
highly coiled
empty into collecting duct

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12
Q

Why are there 3 sections of the Renal Tubule?

A

it allows for greatest surface area for exchange

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13
Q

Types of Nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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14
Q 
(Types of Nephrons)
Cortical Nephrons (description & location?)
A

short nephron loops

renal cortex

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15
Q 
(Types of Nephrons)
Juxtamedullary Nephron (description & location?)
A 
long nephron loops
renal medulla (except Bowman in cortex)
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16
Q

Urine Formation

What are the 3 parts?

A

3 parts:

1) Glomerular Filtration
2) Tubular Respiration
3) Tubular Secretion

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17
Q

(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what 4 parts are involved?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting Duct
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18
Q

(Urine Formation)

3) Tubular Secretion

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC)
  • Nephron Loop
  • Collecting Duct
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19
Q

(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC) reabsorb?

A

Na, Cl, H2O, glucose, amino acids

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20
Q

(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Loop of Henle reabsorb?

A

Descending limb: H2O

Ascending limb: Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, K

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21
Q

(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) reabsorb?

A

Na, K, Cl (same as collecting duct)

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22
Q

(Urine Formation)
2) Tubular Respiration
what does the collecting duct reabsorb?

A

Na, K, Cl (same as Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT))

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23
Q

(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
what does the Proximal convoluted tubule (PTC) secrete?

A

H+, ammonia, urea, & creatine

24
Q

(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
what does the nephron loop secrete?

A

urea

25
Q

(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
what does the collecting duct secrete?

A

H+, K+

26
Q

(Urine Formation)
3) Tubular Secretion
is basically?

A

ions & by products of metabolic reactions

27
Q

Order of tissue layers of the kidney from deep to superficial

A

body of kidney
renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia

28
Q

What is urea? how is the amount eliminated determined? percentage in urine?

A

product of amino acid metabolism in the liver
-amount eliminated determined by amount of protein in diet
50% excreted in urine

29
Q

Uric acid

What is it? percentage excreted in urine?

A

product of nucleic acid bases (adenine & guanine) metabolism
10% excreted in urine

30
Q

What is urine Composed of? (5)

A

1) 95% water
2) Urea
3) Uric acid
4) Electrolytes
5) Ammonia

31
Q

how much urine is produced per day?

A

1-2 Liters/day

32
Q

color of urine?

A

yellow to amber color

transparent

33
Q

pH of urine?

A

4.6-8, avg. 6.0

34
Q

Water balance

described as?

A

water in = water out

35
Q

Water Balance

Take in water by…?

A

Take in water:

  • 1) drinking (most)
  • 2) eating foods w/ water
  • 3) chemical reactions (cell respiration)
36
Q

When is your urine more acidic, why?

A

more acidic when you wake up & darker

bc not eating or drinking anything

37
Q

ammonia is a result of what in your urine?

A

too much high protein

38
Q

urine dark yellow indicates..?

A

a lot of protein

39
Q

Water Balance

Lose water by…?

A
  • 1) Excretion by kidneys
  • 2) Evaporation from skin
  • 3) Exhalation
  • 4) Through feces
40
Q

Normal daily water loss/ gain

A

2500 mL

41
Q

Diuretics

def? causes? ex?

A

(drugs or chemicals)
substance that slows reabsorption of water by kidneys
causes elevated urine flow
ex) caffeine

42
Q

Urine Elimination - Ureters

measure? what occurs?

A

25 cm long

peristalsis waves carry urine to bladder

43
Q

Urine Elimination- Urinary Bladder

function/ how much? description? contains (3)?

A 
Stores urine- 700-800mL
Empty- folded, Full-smooth
Detrusor muscle
Trigone
Internal urethral sphincter
44
Q

(Urinary Bladder)
Detrusor muscle
general description?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

45
Q

(Urinary Bladder)
Trigone
def? description?

A

triangular area on floor of bladder

-3 openings - open into urethra

46
Q

(Urinary Bladder)
Internal urethral sphincter
function?

A

holds in urine (sphincters work opposite from the system)

47
Q

Urine Elimination- Urethra

A

tube conveying urine to outside of body

48
Q

Urine Elimination occurs from what down? location

A

kidneys down, behind small and large intestine

49
Q

Micturition (urination)

Process (4)?

A

1) Full bladder stimulates parasympathetic motor nerves to stimulate detrusor muscle
2) External urethral sphincter relaxes and detrusor muscle contracts
3) Urine flows out of body
4) External urethral sphincter contracts and detrusor muscles relax

50
Q

how are sphincters in the urinary system different from the digestive system?

A

Sphincters work opposite of bladder muscles

51
Q

Renal cortex`

description? purpose?

A

light red outer region

receives most of blood supply

52
Q

Renal medulla

description? composed of and contains?

A

dark brown inner region
composed of renal pyramids
contains tubules to collect urine

53
Q

Renal pelvis

description? composed of (2)? purpose?

A

funnel shaped cavity
composed of: major and minor calyces
-collects urine and drains into ureters

54
Q

Renal Veins

A

(left and right) drain blood from the kidneys

55
Q

kidneys

regulate what? secrete what? excrete what?

A

(left and right)
regulate blood volume, blood pressure, blood ionic composition, blood pH, and blood glucose
secrete 2 hormones (Calcitriol and erythropoietin)
excrete wastes

56
Q

Renal Blood Supply

amount? percentage? flows through..?

A

1200 mL/min through kidney
-20-25% cardiac output
(blood flows) through renal arteries and veins

57
Q

path of blood flow

A 
renal artery (large -> small -> back)
segmental arteries
cortical radiate arteries 
arcuate arteries
cortical radiate arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerulus
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries 
cortical radiate veins
arcuate veins 
interlobular veins
renal vein

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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