The Brain (Part of CNS) Flashcards
brain contains
neurons? neuroglia? weight?
100 billion neurons
50 trillion neuroglia
3 lbs
4 parts of the brain are…?
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
brain functions? (3)
maintain homeostasis through
- sensory input -motor output
make decisions - interpret
integrate & store new information
brain structure
growth? folds? grooves vs folds called?
grows more rapidly then skull
- folds to occupy space- convolutions
- outward folds (bumps) called gyri (gyrus)
- shallow grooves called sulci (sulcus)
- deepest grooves called fissures
- longitudinal fissure separates cerebral hemispheres (left & right)
cerebrum
description? function?
largest part of brain
provides ability to read, write, speak, analyze, memory
cerebrum consists of ?
cerebral cortex- outer portion, gray matter
white matter- inner portion
(opposite of spinal cord)
cerebral cortex
size? contains? how is it divided? connected by?
2-4 mm thick
billions of neurons
cerebral hemispheres- right & left halves
connected by corpus callosum
corpus callosum
IN CEREBRAL CORTEX
band of white matter containing axons that extend btwn hemispheres
connects 2 hemispheres together
lobes of cerebrum
frontal temporal occipital parietal (all different functions)
cerebrum is all but what?
all but the cerebellum
functional areas of the cerebrum (3)
sensory areas
motor areas
association areas
sensory areas
do what? involved in what?
receive sensory info
involved in perception
-conscious awareness of sensation
motor areas
do what?
initiate involuntary movements (heart beat, digestion, breathing)
association areas do what?
complex integrative function
-memory, emotions, reasoning, judgement, personality traits, intelligence
(remember like associating word w/ meaning)
sensory areas
location?
contains what areas (5)
posterior half of cerebral hemispheres
- primary somatosensory area
- primary visual area
- primary auditory area
- primary gustatory area
- primary olfactory area
primary somatosensory area
allows you to know the exact points on the body where sensations originate
-pressure, temp., pain, joint & muscle position
(like scratching yourself, you know its on your dorsum)
primary visual area
function?
visual information/ visual perception
primary auditory area
function?
sound information/auditory perception
primary gustatory area
function?
taste information/ taste perception & discrimination
primary olfactory area
function?
smell information/ perception & discrimination of odors
Motor areas
location?
contains what areas (2)?
anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
- primary motor area
- broca’s area
primary motor area
function?
each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles
broca’s area
function? controls what?
- planning & production of speech
- controls:
- muscles of pharynx, larynx, mouth
- breathing muscles to regulate proper flow of air past vocal cords
- controls:
Association Areas
function? contains what areas (7)?
generates meaningful patterns of recognition & awareness
- Somatosensory Association Areas
- Visual Association Area
- Auditory Assocation Area
- Wernicke’s Area
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Premotor Area
- Frontal Eye Field Area
Somatosensory Association Area
functions? (4)
- integrates & interprets sensations
- determines shape & texture of objects by touch
- orientation of 1 object w/ respect to another
- storage of memories of past somatosensory experiences to compare new w/ old sensations
Visual Association Area
location? function?
- occipital lobe
- relates present & past visual experiences
Auditory Association Area
location? function?
- temporal lobe
- recognize a particular sound as speech, music, or noise
Wernike’s Area
function? location?
- temporal & parietal lobes
- interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
Prefrontal Cortex
location? function?
- anterior frontal lobe
- makeup of personality, intellect, complex learning activities, recall, judgement, reasoning, intuition, mood
Premotor Area
location?
functions?
- frontal lobe
- controls learned skilled motor activities (dancing, painting, catching, etc.)
- memory bank to store specific patterns of movement (like remembering how to catch)
Frontal Eye Field Area
location? function?
- Frontal cortex
- controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes
in the brain, where is your sensory and motor mostly located?
sensory- most of the back
motor- most of the front
temporal lobe
receives auditory information
occipital lobe
receives visual information
parietal lobe
receives & associates somatosensory information
frontal lobe
sends motor output
what areas does the temporal lobe include?
auditory association area
wernicke’s area
what areas does the frontal lobe include?
primary motor area premotor area broca's area frontal eye field area prefrontal lobe
what areas does the parietal lobe include?
primary sensory area
primary gustatory area
somatosensory association area
common integrative area
steps of CSF circulation
1) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
2) Ependymal cells secrete CSF into ventricles. CSF flows through ventricles & into subarachnoid space via median & lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through central canal of spinal cord.
3) CSF circulates through & araound brain & spinal cord in subarachnoid space.
4) Some CSF is reabsorbed (into blood) in dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
Outermost covering of brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
dura mater
innermost covering of brain; delicate & vascular
pia mater
structures that return CSF to venous blood in dural sinuses
arachnoid villi
middle meningeal layer; cobweb in structure
arachnoid mater
outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull
dura mater
function of olfactory nerve
smell
function of optic nerve
vision
function of oculomotor
movement of upper eyelid & eyeball
alters lens shape (squinting)
function of trochlear
movement of eyeball (cross-eyed)
function of trigeminal
touch, pain, temp sensations (face & jaw muscles, like nose getting cold)
muscles in chewing
function of abducens
movement of eyeball (look side to side)
function of facial nerve
taste, touch, pain, & temp
taste buds & muscles in face & scalp) (face expressions
function of vestibulocochlear
equilibrium hearing
function of glossopharyngeal
taste touch pain temp monitor BP CO2 & O2 in blood for breathing
swallowing speech saliva
function of vagus
taste touch pain temp visercal organs in thorax and abdomen
swallowing digestion slowing of heart coughing
function of accessory
movement of head & shoulders (shrug)
function of hypoglossal
movement of tongue during speech & swallowing (glossy when you say hi)
cranial nerve?
shrugging of shoulders
accessory
smelling a flower
cranial nerve?
olfactory
raising eyelids and focusing the lens of the eye for accommodation; constriction of eye pupils
cranial nerve?
oculomotor
involved in smiling
cranial nerve?
facial
involved in chewing gum
trigeminal
listening to music ; sea sickness
vestibulocochlear
secretion of saliva ; tasting well-seasoned food
glossopharyngeal
involved in rolling the eyes (3)
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
feeling a toothache
trigeminal
reading the study guide
optic
major subdivisions of the brain are the _____ and the ____
brain stem
cerebellum
cavities found in the brain are called?
ventricles
ventricles contain what?
CSF
gray matter is composed of what in the brain?
white matter?
gray- unmyelinated neurons
white-myelinated (& unmyelinated) neurons
convolutions in cerebrum are important because they increase….
surface area
what does the arachnoid villus do?
it reabsorbs CSF into blood
define dura mater
touch connective tissue covering immediately beneath the skull
define arachnoid mater
thin fragile web-like tissue through which CSF flows
define pia mater
extremely thin, inner layer attached to neurons of the brain
