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Honors Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

general characteristics of the digestive system

extends? what is involved? aka? how are muscles involved?

A

extends about 5-7 meters from mouth to anus
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
-aka alimentary canal
muscles are in sustained contraction along tract

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2
Q

Digestive System Basic Processes (6)

A

1) Ingestion
2) Secretion (enzymes break down food)
3) Mixing & Propulsion (why stomach gurgles (peristalsis))
4) Digestion (takes place mainly in small intestine)
5) Absorption (also in small intestine, why it’s so long)
6) Defecation (pooping)

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3
Q

Peritoneum

def? parts? (4)

A

largest serous membrane in body in abdominal cavity

  • mesentary
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
  • peritoneal cavity
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4
Q

Mesentary

def?

A

binds small intestine to abdominal wall

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5
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

def?

A

lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

def?

A

covers some organs in digestive system

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7
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

location? filled w/?

A

btwn 2 layers

filled w/ serous fluid

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8
Q

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

what are they? all connected by…?

A 
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary Glands
ALL connected by ducts
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9
Q

Pancreas

also what? produces how much per day? duct involved? function?

A

also an endocrine gland
produces 1200-1500 mL/day
pancreatic duct connects w/ small intestine
FUNCTION: secretes pancreatic juice

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10
Q

what are all the enzymes/pancreatic juices the pancreas produces? what do they help with? (7)

A

pancreatic amylase- carbohydrate digestion
pancreatic lipase- fat digestion
trypsin- protein digestion
nuclease- break down nucleic acids
also: water, sodium, bicarbonate (neutralize intestine, base)

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11
Q

Liver

known as? description? functions in general? (5)

A 
largest internal organ
divided into left & right lobes
functions:
1.maintains
2.storage
3.blood filteration
4.detoxification
5.produces bile
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12
Q

Liver Function

Maintains what?

A

1) Maintains carbohydrate, lipid, & protein metabolisms

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13
Q

Liver Function

storage of what?

A

2) Storage- glycogen, iron, & vitamin A, D, K, & B12

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14
Q

Liver Function

blood filteration of what?

A

3) Blood filteration- phagocytizes RBC, WBC, some bacteria

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15
Q

Liver Function

Detoxification of what?

A

4) Detoxification of blood (alcohol & drugs)

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16
Q

Liver Function

produces what?

A

5) Produces Bile (bile salts)

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17
Q

Bile

description? how much produced per day? includes (4)? function?

A 
Yellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells (liver)
800-1000mL/day produced
Includes:
-bile salts
-cholesterol
-electrolytes (ions)
-water
aid in fat digestion (breaks fat into smaller globules)
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18
Q

Gallbladder

function? duct involved?

A

Function: -stores bile

-releases bile into small intestine through common bile duct

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19
Q

which organ stores bile and which makes it?

A

gallbladder stores bile

liver makes bile

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20
Q

Small Intestine

description? contains? purpose of these?

A

18-20 ft. long, 1 in. diameter

contains circular folds- increase surface area for absorption

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21
Q

Small Intestine

Functions? (4)

A

1) Receives secretions from pancreas & liver (like enzymes & bile)
2) Completes digestion of nutrients in chyme (using enzymes & bile)
3) Absorption of nutrients & water from digestion
4) Transports remaining residue to large intestine

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22
Q

Small Intestine Regions (3)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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23
Q

Small Intestine Region- DUODENUM

description/length?

A

10 in. long, (shortest & fixed portion) (doesn’t move!)

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24
Q

Small Intestine Region-JEJUNUM

description/length? known to be?

A

Larger & thicker region
3 ft. long
More active in absorption than ileum
(really folded)

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25
Q

Small Intestine Region-ILEUM

location? length? contains (2)?

A

Before large intestine
6 ft. long
Contains more lymph vessels, nerves, & blood vessels (absorption as well)
Ileocecal sphincter- joins small & large intestine

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26
Q

Small Intestine Structures (2)

A

Intestinal Villi

Intestinal Glands

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27
Q

Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL VILLI

description? what other structure is involved? function of them?

A 
fingerlike projections of mucosa 
covered w/ MICROVILLI
-absorptive cells w/ enzymes in them
Function: increase surface area of intestine for absorption
-contains blood & lymph vessels
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28
Q

Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL VILLI

function? contains?

A

Function: increase surface area of intestine for absorption

-contains blood & lymph vessels

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29
Q

Small Intestine Structure - INTESTINAL GLANDS

location? function? how often does it occur? helps what?

A

btwn bases of villi
Function: secrete large volume of intestinal juice (water & mucous)
-secretes 1-2 L/day
-helps villi absorb digestive products

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30
Q

intestinal juice is made up of what? (2)

A

water & mucous

constipated w/o water

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31
Q

Intestinal Enzymes

secreted by what?

A

secreted by epithelial cells in villi

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32
Q

Intestinal Enzymes - PEPTIDASE

what does it do?

A

breaks peptides into amino acids

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33
Q

Intestinal Enzymes - Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase

what does it do?

A

breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

break down sugar enzymes, lactase- milk sugar

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34
Q

Intestinal Enzymes - Intestinal Lipase

what does it do?

A

splits fats into fatty acids & glycerol

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35
Q

Large Intestine

length/description? contains what?

A

5 ft. long, 2.5 cm. in diameter - no villi

Haustra

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36
Q

Large Intestine

Functions? (4)

A

1) Haustral churning & peristalsis to move contents into rectum
2) Absorbs some water, electrolytes, & vitamins
3) Forms & stores feces
4) Defecating- emptying rectum

37
Q

Large Intestine- HAUSTRA

def?

A

pouches of colon caused by contraction of colon muscles

38
Q

Parts of Large Intestine

what are they (5)?

A

1) Cecum
2) Colon
3) Rectum
4) Anal Canal
5) Anus

39
Q

Parts of Large Intestine - CECUM

location? description? what’s attached @ the end of it?

A

beginning of large intestine
pouch-like
appendix attached @ end

40
Q

Parts of Large Intestine - COLON

4 parts & location? (another name for the colon is..?)

A 
ascending- right side
transverse- longest, most moveable
descending- left side
sigmoid- S shaped curve @ end
(another name for large intestine)
41
Q

Parts of Large Intestine - Anal Canal

length?

A

8 in. long

42
Q

Parts of Large Intestine - Anus

def? aided by?

A

opening to outside of body

-aided by: Internal & External anal sphincters

43
Q

what color is the gallbladder?

A

green

44
Q

key word for the digestive system?

A

peri

45
Q

Final Digestion

what is it? what is produces and what is fermented? what’s released?

A

Activity of bacteria called intestinal flora

  • produces some B & K vitamins
  • ferment remaining carbs
    • release hydrogen, carbon dioxide, & methane gases
46
Q

Feces

def? contains (6)?

A

product of chyme after 3-10 hrs in colon after water absorption
contains:
-undigested food, water, electrolytes, mucus, shed intestinal cells, bacteria

47
Q

Mouth is aka?

A

Oral Cavity

48
Q

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

Functions (2)? what is involved in each? purpose of them?

A

Function: 1. Mainly mechanical digestion (starts mechanical)

  • tongue & teeth reduce food to soft, flexible mass- BOLUS
    2. Begins chemical digestion
  • salivary amylase in saliva
    • breaks down carbs (starch) into disaccharides
49
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Function:
Secrete saliva (99.5% water, 0.5% solutes)
-secretion increases w/ food

50
Q

Salivary Glands

what are the 3 sets/pairs?

A

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

51
Q

Salivary Glands- PAROTID GLANDS

location? description?

A

largest, anterior to ears

watery fluid w/ amylase

52
Q

Salivary Glands- SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

location? description?

A

floor of mouth

thicker fluid w/ mucous

53
Q

Salivary Glands- SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

location? description?

A

smallest, beneath tongue

thickest fluid

54
Q

Pharynx

function? connects what? contains?

A

Function: passageway for food (& air)
connects nasal & oral cavities w/ larynx and esophagus
contains sense receptors for swallowing

55
Q

Esophagus

length? functions (2)? contains?

A

about 25 cm. long
Function: -move food -moisten & lubricate food (mucous)
contains esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)

56
Q

Esophagus- esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)

btwn what? muscle fibers description? what does the sphincter prevent?

A

btwn esophagus and stomach
group of circular muscle fibers that remain contracted
prevents regurgitation into esophagus

57
Q

Deglutition (Swallowing)

bolus movement/location? what happens? (2 different locations of bolus description)

A

Bolus moves from mouth to pharynx
-triggers sense receptors in medulla oblongata and pons to swallow
Bolus moves from pharynx to esophagus
-peristalsis occurs

58
Q

Peristalsis

what is it? describe (2)

A

coordinated contractions of muscularis layer of GI tract
moves food through GI tract
(wave-like motion of muscle contraction, all along GI tract, arhythmic contractions, constant)

59
Q

Stomach

shape? capacity/length? size when empty? inner lining thick folds are called what? can they be seen?

A 
J-shaped
1 L capacity, 20-30 cm. long
Empty- size of large sausage 
Inner lining thick folds called rugae 
-disappear in full stomach
60
Q

Stomach

Functions (4)

A

moves food w/ gastric juice (mix w/ food to break down)
initiates digestion of proteins
carries on limited absorption
bolus converted to chyme (paste bc mixed w/ gastric juice)
-liquid

61
Q

Parts of the stomach (4 regions)

A

Cardia region
Fundus region
Body region
Pyloric region

62
Q

Parts of the stomach- Cardia Region

location?

A

closest to esophagus

63
Q

Parts of the stomach- Fundus Region

description (2)?

A

temporary storage area

sometimes fills w/ swallowed air

64
Q

Parts of the stomach- Body Region

location?

A

Central portion

65
Q

Parts of the stomach- Pyloric Region

location? becomes what? contains? functions of what is contains (2)?

A 
Narrow portion at bottom
Becomes the pyloric canal close to small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
-btwn stomach and small intestine
-controls gastric emptying
66
Q

Gastric juice

A

Contains: -pepsin (enzyme), mucous, HCL

-produce 2000-3000 mL per day

67
Q

Function of Gastric Juice

A

break down proteins

68
Q

Gastric Juice- Gastric Glands

what kind of cells does it contain? what are the 3 types?

A

contains 3 types of secretory cells

  • mucous cell
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
69
Q

Gastric Glands- Mucous cell

secretes? why?

A

secrete mucous, protect stomach lining

70
Q

Gastric Glands- Chief cells

secretes? why?

A

secretes pepsinogen that forms into enzyme pepsin- break down proteins

71
Q

Gastric Glands- Parietal cells

secretes? why?

A

secretes HCl solution & intrinsic factor (aids in vitamin B12 absorption) (helps body absorb things)

72
Q

sphincters in stomach… what is at beginning and what’s at the end?

A

beginning- cardiac

end- pyloric

73
Q

general stomach characteristics

rate of emptying depends on what?

A

rate of emptying depends on type of food and fluidity of chyme

74
Q

general stomach characteristics

what passes through quickly? longest? what happens when you’re more hungry?

A

liquids, proteins, and carbs pass through quickly (bc already being broken down by enzymes)
fatty foods- 3-6 hrs (take longest)
more hungry- more gastric juice secreted

75
Q

how many layers does the GI tract have? what are they?

A 
4 layers of the GI tract:
serosa
muscularis
submucosa 
mucosa
76
Q

Submucosa

type of tissue & purpose of it? contains and what do they do? what controls it? what else plays a role?

A

connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis

  • contains: glands
  • Neuronal networks from ENS and ANS control secretions into GI tract
  • Blood & lymphatic vessels absorb food molecules
  • Glands in submucosa secrete substances into GI tract
77
Q

Muscularis

aka/what does it produce? def? type of muscle & purpose of it? contains different muscle like? controlled by?

A

(peristalsis) (muscularis produces movement)
thick layer of muscle (mostly smooth, but part skeletal in esophagus and anal sphincter muscles) that break down food, mix it, and move it through GI tract (smooth-intestines & stomach, skeletal- upper GI mouth, pharynx, upper eso.)
-inner sheet of circular muscle
-outer layer of longitudinal muscle
-ENS neurons control frequency and strength of muscle contractions

78
Q

Mucosa

def? contains (2)? layers (4)?

A

Inner lining of digestive tract (SECRETES MUCOUS)

  • contains: digestive enzyme secreting glands & mucous
  • Epithelium -absorbs substances
  • Lamina propria -is connective tissue
  • Muscularis mucosae -thin layer of smooth muscle that creates folds in mucosa, which increases absorptive surface area.
  • Lymphatic nodules -protect against pathogens
79
Q

Serosa

aka? consists of (2)? function/purpose?

A

(Peritoneum)
outermost layer, which consists of:
connective tissue & epithelium
serosa secretes a watery fluid (serous) that lubricates GI tract, allowing it to slide against other organs

80
Q

(In the stomach) Surface Mucous Cell

what does it secrete?

A

secretes mucus

81
Q

(In the stomach) Mucous Neck Cell

what does it secrete?

A

secretes mucus

82
Q

(In the stomach) Parietal Cell

what does it secrete?

A

secretes hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

83
Q

(In the stomach) Chief Cell

what does it secrete?

A

secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

84
Q

(In the stomach) Enteroendocrine Cell

what does it secrete?

A

secretes hormone gastrin

85
Q

(In the Small Intestine) Absorptive Cell

function?

A

absorbs nutrients

86
Q

(In the Small Intestine) Goblet Cell

function?

A

secretes mucus

87
Q

(In the Small Intestine) Enteroendocrine Cell

function?

A

secretes hormones secretin or cholecystokinin

88
Q

(In the Small Intestine) Paneth Cell

function?

A

secretes lysozyme and is capable of phagocytosis

Honors Anatomy & Physiology (45 decks)

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