Third Quarter Final Exam Flashcards
Characteristics of Blood
Know the pH
- pH = 7.35 – 7.45
- Viscosity = 3.3 – 5.5
- Temperature = 100.4
Composition of Blood
- Considered connective tissue
- Contains cellular (blood cells) and liquid components (blood plasma)
Blood Plasma
- Straw-colored, sticky FLUID portion of blood
- Approximately 90% water
- Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
- Contain 3 main proteins: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
Albumin
- Type of blood plasma protein
- controls OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the circulatory system
Globulins
- Type of blood plasma protein
- transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Fibrinogen
- Type of blood plasma protein
- blood clotting elements
What are Erythrocytes?
- Red Blood Cells
- anucleate, biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.
~ Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
- Oxygen-transporting cells
- Most numerous of the formed elements
- Have no organelles or nuclei (anuclear): energy is generated via an anaerobic mechanism
Leukocytes
- Type of blood cells (formed element of the blood)
- White blood cells
- Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
- Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
- Two Types: Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
- types of leukocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes
- types of leukocytes
- lymphocytes, monocytes
Neutrophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- most numerous white blood cell
- Phagocytize and DESTROY bacteria
Eosinophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- compose 1–4% of all WBCs
- Play roles in ending ALLERGIC REACTIONS and parasitic infections
Basophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- about 0.5% of all leukocytes
- Granules secrete histamines
- Function in INFLAMMATION MEDIATION: Similar in function to mast cells
Lymphocytes
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- compose 20–45% of WBCs
- The most important cells of the immune system
- Effective in fighting infectious organisms
- Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen), part of our specific resistance
T Cells
- Type of lymphocyte (T lymphocyte)
– attack foreign cells directly
B Cells
- Type of lymphocyte (B lymphocytes)
– multiply to become plasma cells - Secrete ANTIBODIES that will attack invading organisms
Monocytes
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- The largest of leukocytes
- A Type of Phagocytic Cell: immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
- Transform into macrophages
- compose 4–8% of WBCs
Hematopoiesis
~ The process of blood cell formation
- 100 billion new blood cells formed each day
What is the site for Hematopoiesis?
~ (Red) Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is located within all bones
- Red bone marrow actively generates new blood cells
- Contains immature erythrocytes
- Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
Hemoglobin
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
Layers of the Heart Wall
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Epicardium
Layer of heart wall
the external layer of the heart wall and is also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Myocardium
- Layer of heart wall
- consists of cardiac muscle (middle layer of the heart wall)
Muscle arranged in circular and spiral patterns
Endocardium
Layer of the heart wall
– endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue – inner layer of the heart wall
Lines the internal walls of the heart and forms the heart valves
Coronary sulcus
an external groove that marks the division between the atria and the ventricles
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
external grooves that mark the division between the ventricles on the both the anterior and posterior side of the heart
Superior Vena Cava
- opening/orifice found in Right Atrium
- Receives oxygen-poor blood draining superior to the diaphragm
Inferior Vena Cava
- opening/orifice found in Right Atrium
- Receives oxygen-poor blood draining inferior to the diaphragm
Coronary Sinus
- opening/orifice found in Right Atrium
- Receives oxygen-poor blood draining from the walls of the heart
- located on the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus (seen on the back of the heart)
drains the oxygen poor blood from the tissues of the heart itself and empties into the right atrium
Tricuspid valve
- Part of the Right Atrium
- is located between the right atrium and right ventricle (also called: Right AV (atrioventricular) valve)
When this valve opens blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle
When this valve closes, it prevents back-flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium
Pulmonary Trunk
Vessel that leaves the right ventricle
(opening/orifice for this vessel is found in the RV)
Pulmonary valve (also called: pulmonary semilunar valve)
the valve located at the base of the pulmonary trunk
When this valve opens blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
When the valve closes it prevents back-flow from the pulmonary trunk back into the right ventricle
Two Right Pulmonary Veins
(opening/orifice found in LA)
Receives oxygen-rich blood returning from the right lung
Two Left Pulmonary Veins
(opening/orifice found in LA)
Receives oxygen-rich blood returning from the left lung
Bicuspid valve
is located between the left atrium and left ventricle (Also called: Left AV (atrioventricular) valve; mitral valve)
When this valve opens blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle
When this valve closes, it prevents back-flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium
Aorta
(opening/orifice for this vessel is found in the Left Ventricle
Aortic valve (Also called: aortic semilunar valve
the valve located at the base of the aorta
When this valve opens blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta
When the valve closes it prevents back-flow from the aorta back into the left ventricle
Atria
Thin walls of the heart
Ventricles
Thick walls of the heart (to push blood further)
Coronary arteries
Supply oxygen-rich blood to the tissues of the heart
Arise (or branch) from the ascending aorta
Located in the coronary sulcus
2 Branches: Left and right coronary arteries
Heart Flow Diagram
Angiology
- The study of blood vessels
- Two Sectors: Arteriology &Phlebology
Tunica Intima
- Inner layer of blood vessels
- Endothelium
- Smooth surface
Tunica Media
- Middle layer of blood vessels
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Constrict/Dilate
Tunica Externa/Adventitia
- Outer layer of blood vessels
- Connective tissue
- Support vessel/anchor to other structures
Order of Progression of Blood Vessels
(starting with the heart, and returning to the heart)
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries of the capillary beds
- Venules
- Veins
Aortic Arch
- Lies posterior to the manubrium
- Has Three Branches: Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian
Brachiocephalic Trunk/ Brachiocephalic Artery/ Innominate artery
-Artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the RIGHT ARM and the HEAD and NECK
- first branch of the aortic arch
- Later divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
Left Common Carotid
- Supplies oxygenated blood to the LEFT SIDE of the HEAD and NECK
- Divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.
Left Subclavian Artery
- A major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the HEAD and ARMS.
- Has 4 Branches: Vertebral Artery, Internal Thoracic Artery, Thyrocervical trunk, Costocervical trunk
Parietal Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
- supply the walls of the thoracic cavity
- Posterior intercostal arteries, Subcostal arteries, Superior phrenic arteries
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
- arteries that supply blood to the intercostal spaces
- 9 pair
- Continuous with the anterior intercostal arteries
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
Subcostal Arteries
-The lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries.
- 1 pair
- Inferior to the 12th rib
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
Superior Phrenic Arteries
- small and arise from the lower part of the thoracic aorta
- they are distributed to the posterior part of the UPPER SURFACE of the DIAPHRAGM
- 1 Pair
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
esophageal arteries
- 4 or 5
- Arise from the front of the aorta and goes to the ESOPHAGUS
- forms an anastomosis with the esophageal branches of the inferior thyroid arteries above, and ascending branches from the left inferior phrenic and left gastric arteries below.
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
Bronchial Arteries
- supply blood to the bronchi and connective tissue of the lungs
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
Pericardial Arteries
- supply the pericardium and organs in the posterior mediastinum
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
- two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm. (paired)
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Lumbar Arteries
- 4, on either side of the aorta and upper 4 lumbar vertebrae (not evenly divided)
- a smaller, fifth pair may arise from the middle sacral artery
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Median Sacral Artery/middle sacral artery
- a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation.
- It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx.
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Middle Suprarenal(adrenal) Arteries
- two small vessels which arise, one from either side of the abdominal aorta.
- They pass laterally and slightly upward, to the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands).
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Renal Arteries
- supply the kidneys with blood
- arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Gonadal Arteries
- A paired artery with one arising from the abdominal aorta for each gonad.
- Refers to the testicular artery in males or the ovarian artery in females
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Trunk/Celiac Artery
- the first major branch of the abdominal aorta - branches from the aorta around the level of the T12
- one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery - Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
Left Gastric Artery
- Supplies/runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the STOMACH. Branches also supply the lower ESOPHAGUS
- arises from the celiac artery
- anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion.
- Part of Celiac Trunk
Splenic Artery
- the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the SPLEEN.
- branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas.
- Part of Celiac Trunk
Common Hepatic Artery
- a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the LIVER, PYLORUS,(a part of the stomach), DUODENUM (a part of the small intestine) and PANCREAS
- Part of Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)
- supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum to the left colic flexure and the pancreas (small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine).
- arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk
- Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)
- supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum.
- Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
Vertebral Arteries
- Paired – right and left
- Provide blood supply to the posterior regions of the brain
- Pass through the foramen magnum and join to become the basilar artery, which is an upaired artery that ascends along the ventral midline of the brain to connect with the Circle of Willis (a cerebral arterial anastomoses, that unites the posterior blood supply of the brain with the anterior blood supply of the brain).
Where do the Vertebral Veins Begin and End?
C1-C6. At C6, they become one vein and later join the brachiocephalic vein
- Originating inferior to the occipital condyle, each vertebral vein descends through the transverse foramina of vertebrae C1-C6 in the form of a venous plexus;
- exit from C6 as a single vein, continue inferiorly to join the brachiocephalic vein in the root of the neck.
What do the Vertebral Veins Drain?
- Unlike the vertebral arteries, the vertebral veins do not serve much of the brain.
- Drains the cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, and muscles in the superior neck region.
Cerebral Arterial Circle/Circle of Willis
- Cerebral Anastomoses
- Unites the brain’s anterior and posterior blood supplies provided by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Umbilical Vessels - Fetal Circulation
- Umbilical vessels run in the umbilical cord
- carries blood to and from the placenta
Paired umbilical arteries - Fetal Circulation
branch from the internal iliac arteries and carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients; after birth becomes the medial umbilical ligaments
Unpaired umbilical vein - Fetal Circulation
returns blood from the placenta to the fetus; after birth becomes the ligamentum teres (round ligament)
Ductus venosus - Fetal Circulation
shunts some blood away from the fetal liver; after birth becomes the ligamentum venosum
Foramen ovale - Fetal Circulation
a hole in the interatrial septum; after birth becomes the fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus - fetal circulation
a shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch; after birth becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
What sinus turns into the Internal Jugular Vein?
s-shaped sigmoid sinuses drain/become the internal jugular veins
External Jugular Veins
- Superiorly, its tributaries drain the posterior scalp, lateral scalp, and some of the face
- Descends through the neck on the surface of the SCM.
- Empty into the subclavian drain
Basilic Vein
- arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm.
- In the axillary region, the basilic vein joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein.
Azygos Vein
- Name means unpaired
- Ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies.
- Receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins, plus the subcostal vein.
Hemiazygos Vein
- Ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right.
- At about midthorax, the hemiazygos runs horizontally across the vertebrae and joins the azygos vein.
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein
Superior continuation of the hemiazygos.
Course along the right to join the azygos vein.
The Hepatic Portal System
- A specialized part of the vascular circuit
- Picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage. (Also picks up toxins)
- Series of vessels in which two separate capillary beds lie between the arterial supply and the final venous drainage
Tributaries of the Hepatic Portal Vein
- Superior Mesenteric Vein
- Splenic Vein
- Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
- empties into the femoral vein
- Longest vein in the body; ascends along the medial side to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament.
Lacteals
- specialized lymphatic capillaries
- Only in the small intestines;
- that receive a fatty lymph called “chyle
Cisterna chyli
- Type of Lymph Duct
- located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks
