Digestive System (Q4,P2) Flashcards
1
Q
Two Groups of the Digestive System
A
- Alimentary Canal
- Accessory Digestive Organs
2
Q
Structures of the Alimentary Canal
A
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine (colon)
3
Q
Structures of the Accessory Digestive Organs
A
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Gallbladder
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Pancreas
4
Q
Digestive Processes
A
- Ingestion
- Propulsion
- Mechanical Digestion
- Chemical Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
5
Q
9 Abdominal Sections
A
- Top Row: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
- Middle Row: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
- Bottom Row: right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
6
Q
Pertioneum
A
- Serous membrane
- 2 layers: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
7
Q
Visceral Peritoneum
A
Surrounds digestive organs
8
Q
Parietal peritoneum
A
Lines the body wall
9
Q
Peritoneal Cavity
A
A slit-like potential space
10
Q
Layers of the Alimentary Canal Wall
A
- Same four layers from esophagus to anus
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis Extena
- Serosa
11
Q
Mucosa
A
innermost layer of alimentary canal wall
12
Q
submucosa
A
external to the mucosa
13
Q
Muscularis Externa
A
external to the submucosa
14
Q
Serosa
A
- the outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall
- The visceral peritoneum
15
Q
What is the order that the trocar would pass through the layer of the alimentary canal? (outer to inner)
A
- Skin
- Muscle
- Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
- muscularis externa
- submucosa
- mucosa
16
Q
Mouth Muscles
A
- Mouth: oral cavity
- Lips and cheeks: formed from orbicularis oris and buccinator
17
Q
Anatomy of the Mouth
A
The labial and lingual frenulum
The palate – forms the roof of the mouth
18
Q
Tongue
A
- Interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle
- Grips food and repositions and manipulates the food to form a ball called a “bolus”
19
Q
Deciduous Teeth
A
- “baby teeth”
- First appear at 6 months of age
- 20 teeth
20
Q
Permanent Teeth
A
- Most are present by the end of adolescence
- 32 teeth
21
Q
4 Types of Teeth
A
- Incisors.
- Canines.
- Premolars.
- Molars.
22
Q
Incisors
A
- front two teeth and the teeth on either side of them
- Each incisor has a single narrow edge, which helps cut into food when you bite
23
Q
Canines (Eye Teeth)
A
- four canine teeth: one in each quadrant (upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left)
- help you tear into foods like meat and crunchy vegetables
24
Q
Premolars (Bicuspids)
A
- sit between your canines and your molars
- have features of both canines and molars.
- They help tear, crush, and grind food into smaller pieces.
25
Molars
- 12 molar teeth: three in each quadrant. (including wisdom teeth: without wisdom teeth 8 molars)
- in the very back of your mouth
- main chewing teeth: good for crushing and grinding up your food.
26
Salivary Glands
- Produce Saliva
- 3 Pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
27
Pharynx
- Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx: passages for air and food
28
Esophagus
- Muscular tube
- Begins as a continuation of the pharynx
- Posterior to the trachea
- Joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm
29
Cardiac Sphincter
muscle that closes/opens the beginning of the stomach (cardiac orphis)
- sometimes called the lower esophageal sphincter
30
Stomach
- Site where food (bolus) is churned into **chyme**
- Protein digestion begins in the stomach
- Secretes pepsin: functions under acidic conditions
31
Parts and Curvatures of the Stomach
- Fundus
- Cardia
- Body
- Greater Curvature
- Lesser Curvature
- Pylorus
32
Small Intestine
- Longest portion of the alimentary canal (but more narrow than large intestine)
- Site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Three subdivisions: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (from proximal to distal)
33
Duodenum
- Receives digestive enzymes and bile
34
Main Pancreatic Duct
- a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct.
- drains the pancreatic fluid from the pancreas and carries it to the duodenum
35
Large Intestine
- Absorbs water and electrolytes
- Mass peristaltic movements in the colon force feces toward the rectum
- Small amount of digestion by bacteria
- Digested residue contains few nutrients
36
Anatomy of the Large intestine
- Divisions: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
37
Haustra of the Large Intestine
small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance.
38
Liver
- Largest gland in the body
- Performs over 500 functions (many metabolic functions)
- Main digestive function: bile production (secretes bile)
39
Lobes of the Liver
Right, left, caudate, and quadrate
40
Gallbladder
- a sac located under the liver.
- Found between the Right lobe and the quadrant lobe of the liver
- stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver.
- Expels bile into duodenum
41
What does bile do?
- emulsifies fats (breaks down fats)
- Bile aids in the digestion of fat and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine in response to food (especially fats).
42
Pancreas
- A Heterocrine gland: having both an endocrine and an exocrine secretion
43
Exocrine Function of the Pancreas
- Make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes
- Enzymes are activated in the duodenum and aid in the breakdown of nutrients for absorption
44
Endocrine Function of the Pancreas
- produces insulin and glucagon (hormones)
- regulates blood sugar (glucose)
45
Insulin
- hormone made by the pancreas
- reduces blood sugar
46
Glucagon
- hormone made by the pancreas
- increases blood sugar
47
Endocrine vs Exocrine glands
- Endocrine glands release substances directly into the bloodstream
- exocrine glands release substances to the exterior or into cavities inside the body
