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Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science > The Lymphatic and Immune Systems (Q3,P7) > Flashcards

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems (Q3,P7) Flashcards

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1
Q

Main structures of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

Main components of the immune system

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Lymphoid organs
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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A
  • collect lymph from loose connective tissue
  • Carry fluid to great veins in the neck
  • Fluid flows only toward the heart
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4
Q

Orders of Lymphatic Vessels (Smallest to Largest)

A
  1. Lymph Capillaries
  2. Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
  3. Lymph Nodes
  4. Lymph Trunks
  5. Lymph Ducts
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5
Q

Lymph capillaries

A
  • smallest lymphatic vessel
  • first receive lymph
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6
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels

A

collect from lymph capillaries

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7
Q

Lymph nodes

A

scattered along collecting vessels

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8
Q

Lymph trunks

A

collect lymph from collecting vessels

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9
Q

Lymph ducts

A

empty into veins of the neck

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10
Q

Functions of Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins
  • Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream
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11
Q

Lymph Capillaries

A
  • Located near blood capillaries
  • Receive tissue fluid from connective tissue
  • Increased volume of tissue fluid
  • Minivalve flaps open and allow fluid to enter
  • Highly permeability allows:
    Uptake of tissue fluid and the entrance of bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells
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12
Q

Lacteals

A
  • specialized lymphatic capillaries
  • Only in the small intestines;
  • that receive a fatty lymph called “chyle
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13
Q

Lymphatic Collecting Vessels

A
  • Accompany blood vessels
  • Composed of the same three tunics as blood vessels
  • Contain more valves:Helps direct the flow of blood
  • Lymph is propelled by:Bulging of skeletal muscles, Pulsing of nearby arteries, and Tunica media of the lymph vessels
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14
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • Cleanse the lymph of pathogens
  • Human body contains approximately 500
  • Lymph nodes are organized in clusters
  • Located along lymphatic vessels
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15
Q

Lymph Trunks

A
  • Lymphatic collecting vessels converge
  • Five major lymph trunks: Lumbar trunks, Intestinal trunk, Bronchomediastinal trunks, Subclavian trunks, Jugular trunks
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16
Q

Lumbar trunks

A
  • Type of Lymph Trunk
  • receives lymph from lower limbs
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17
Q

Intestinal Trunk

A
  • Type of Lymph Trunk
  • receives chyle from digestive organs
18
Q

Bronchomediastinal Trunks

A
  • Type of Lymph Trunk
  • collects lymph from thoracic viscera
19
Q

Subclavian Trunks

A
  • Type of Lymph Trunk
  • receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall
20
Q

Jugular Trunks

A
  • Type of Lymph Trunk
  • drain lymph from the head and neck
21
Q

Cisterna chyli

A
  • Type of Lymph Duct
  • located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks
22
Q

Thoracic Duct

A
  • Type of Lymph Duct
  • ascends along vertebral bodies
  • Empties into venous circulation
  • Junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
  • Drains three quarters of the body (all but upper right)
23
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A
  • Type of Lymph Duct
  • Empties into right internal jugular and subclavian veins
24
Q

The Immune System

A
  • Recognizes specific foreign molecules
  • Destroys pathogens effectively
  • Key cells in the immune system: lymphocytes
  • Also includes lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs
25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue
- Macrophages are released, then lymphocytes
- 2 Types: B Lymphocytes and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

26
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • become plasma cells
  • Secrete antibodies (apart of blood plasma and lymphatic system)
27
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Destroy antigen-bearing cells

28
Q

Lymphocyte Activation

A
  • Lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow
  • Some travel to the thymus gland and mature in the thymus gland (endocrine gland), and become T lymphocytes
  • Some stay in bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow
    B lymphocytes
29
Q

How are T and B Cells activated

A

Able to recognize a unique antigen – B and T cells are activated by an antigenic encounter

30
Q

What do T and B Cells Produce

A
  1. Effector Lymphocytes
  2. Memory Lymphocytes
31
Q

Effector lymphocytes

A

short-lived, attack immediately. (first responders)

32
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A
  • wait until body encounters their antigen again. (attack later if needed)
  • Basis of acquired immunity
33
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A
  • wait until body encounters their antigen again. (attack later if needed)
  • Basis of acquired immunity
34
Q

Lymphoid Tissue

A
  • Most important tissue of the immune system
  • Two general locations:
    1. Mucous membranes of Digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT))
  1. Lymphoid organs
35
Q

Lymphoid Organs

A
  • Designed to gather and destroy infectious microorganisms
  • Thymus, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Tonsils
36
Q

Thymus

A
  • Immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes
  • Secretes thymic hormones
37
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • Most antigenic challenges occur in lymph nodes (where b and t lymphocytes go)
    Destroy Antigens – and activate B and T lymphocytes
38
Q

Spleen

A
  • Largest lymphoid organ
  • Two main blood-cleansing functions: 1. Removal of blood-borne antigens 2. Removal and destruction of old/defective blood cells
  • Site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) in the fetus (because babies don’t have enough bone marrow to make blood)
39
Q

Tonsils

A
  • Simplest lymphoid organs
  • Four groups of tonsils: Palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils
  • Arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens
  • Underlying lamina propria consists of MALT
  • Palatine tonsils are the largest and most often infected in childhood
40
Q

Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix

A
  • MALT – abundant in walls of intestines
  • Fight invading bacteria
  • Generate a wide variety of memory lymphocytes: Peyer’s Patches, Appendix
41
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • Aggregated lymphoid nodules
  • Located in the distal part of the small intestine
  • Generate a wide variety of memory lymphocytes
42
Q

Appendix

A
  • tubular offshoot of the cecum
  • Generate a wide variety of memory lymphocytes

Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science (31 decks)

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