The Blood (Q3,P1) Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Blood Circulation
A
- Powered by the pumping action of the heart
- Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
- Helps body regulate temperature
2
Q
Characteristics of Blood
A
- pH = 7.35 – 7.45
- Viscosity = 3.3 – 5.5
- Temperature = 100.4
3
Q
Composition of Blood
A
- Considered connective tissue
- Contains cellular (blood cells) and liquid components (blood plasma)
4
Q
Blood Plasma
A
- Straw-colored, sticky FLUID portion of blood
- Approximately 90% water
- Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
- Contain 3 main proteins: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
5
Q
Albumin
A
- Type of blood plasma protein
- controls OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the circulatory system
6
Q
Globulins
A
- Type of blood plasma protein
- transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
7
Q
Fibrinogen
A
- Type of blood plasma protein
- blood clotting elements
8
Q
What are Erythrocytes?
A
- Red Blood Cells
- anucleate, biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.
~ Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
- Oxygen-transporting cells
- Most numerous of the formed elements
- Have no organelles or nuclei (anucleate): energy is generated via an anaerobic mechanism
9
Q
Hemoglobin
A
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
10
Q
Origin and Shape of Erythrocytes
A
- Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area for oxygen transport
- Live 100–120 days
- Originate in the bone marrow
11
Q
Type O Rh Negative
A
Universal Donor of blood
12
Q
AB Rh Positive
A
Universal Recipient of blood
13
Q
Leukocytes
A
- Type of blood cells (formed element of the blood)
- White blood cells
- Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
- Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
- Two Types: Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
14
Q
Diapedesis
A
The process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries
15
Q
Granulocytes
A
- types of leukocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
16
Q
Agranulocytes
A
- types of leukocytes
- lymphocytes, monocytes
17
Q
Neutrophils
A
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- most numerous white blood cell
- Phagocytize and DESTROY bacteria
18
Q
Eosinophils
A
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- compose 1–4% of all WBCs
- Play roles in ending ALLERGIC REACTIONS and parasitic infections
19
Q
Basophils
A
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- about 0.5% of all leukocytes
- Granules secrete histamines
- Function in INFLAMMATION MEDIATION: Similar in function to mast cells
20
Q
Lymphocytes
A
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- compose 20–45% of WBCs
- The most important cells of the immune system
- Effective in fighting infectious organisms
- Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen), part of our specific resistance
21
Q
T Cells
A
- Type of lymphocyte (T lymphocyte)
– attack foreign cells directly
22
Q
B Cells
A
- Type of lymphocyte (B lymphocytes)
– multiply to become plasma cells - Secrete ANTIBODIES that will attack invading organisms
23
Q
Monocytes
A
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- The largest of leukocytes
- A Type of Phagocytic Cell: immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
- Transform into macrophages
- compose 4–8% of WBCs
24
Q
Platelets/Thrombocytes
A
- Cell fragments that play an essential role in blood clotting
25
Embolus/Embolism
- Embolus: An unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages
- When an embolus obstructs a blood vessel, it is called an embolism or embolic event.
26
Process of Blood Clotting
1) Thromboplastin and calcium ions combine and convert prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin is an enzyme in blood plasma that causes blood clotting
2) Thrombin helps convert fibrinogen into fibrin strands
- Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates
3) Fibrin forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood
27
Thrombus/Thrombosis
- Thrombus: A blood clot; the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis (the stopping of a flow of blood)
- Thrombosis is the disease that occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries
28
What is the "key" to blood clotting?
Thrombin
29
Process of Anti-Clotting
- Antiprothrombin (heparin) prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by forming an antithrombin
- Thromboplastin is prevented from being released from platelets
30
What is the "key" to anti-clotting?
Heparin is the key, produced by basophils
31
Hematopoiesis
~ The process of blood cell formation
- 100 billion new blood cells formed each day
32
What is the site for Hematopoiesis?
~ (Red) Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is located within all bones
- Red bone marrow actively generates new blood cells
- Contains immature erythrocytes
- Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
33
Yellow Marrow
- Tissue framework for red marrow: Reticular connective tissue
- Located in the long bones of adults
- Contains many fat cells
- dormant
34
Where do all blood cells originate?
- All blood cells originate in bone marrow
- All originate from one cell type – blood stem cell
- There are two categories of blood stem cells: Lymphoid stem cells and Myeloid stem cells
35
Lymphoid stem cells
- Type of blood stem cell
- give rise to lymphocytes
36
Myeloid stem cells
- Type of blood stem cell
- Give rise to all other blood cells
