The Blood (Q3,P1) Flashcards
Functions of Blood Circulation
- Powered by the pumping action of the heart
- Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
- Helps body regulate temperature
Characteristics of Blood
- pH = 7.35 – 7.45
- Viscosity = 3.3 – 5.5
- Temperature = 100.4
Composition of Blood
- Considered connective tissue
- Contains cellular (blood cells) and liquid components (blood plasma)
Blood Plasma
- Straw-colored, sticky FLUID portion of blood
- Approximately 90% water
- Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
- Contain 3 main proteins: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
Albumin
- Type of blood plasma protein
- controls OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the circulatory system
Globulins
- Type of blood plasma protein
- transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Fibrinogen
- Type of blood plasma protein
- blood clotting elements
What are Erythrocytes?
- Red Blood Cells
- anucleate, biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.
~ Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
- Oxygen-transporting cells
- Most numerous of the formed elements
- Have no organelles or nuclei (anucleate): energy is generated via an anaerobic mechanism
Hemoglobin
a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
Origin and Shape of Erythrocytes
- Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area for oxygen transport
- Live 100–120 days
- Originate in the bone marrow
Type O Rh Negative
Universal Donor of blood
AB Rh Positive
Universal Recipient of blood
Leukocytes
- Type of blood cells (formed element of the blood)
- White blood cells
- Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
- Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
- Two Types: Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
Diapedesis
The process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries
Granulocytes
- types of leukocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes
- types of leukocytes
- lymphocytes, monocytes
Neutrophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- most numerous white blood cell
- Phagocytize and DESTROY bacteria
Eosinophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- compose 1–4% of all WBCs
- Play roles in ending ALLERGIC REACTIONS and parasitic infections
Basophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- about 0.5% of all leukocytes
- Granules secrete histamines
- Function in INFLAMMATION MEDIATION: Similar in function to mast cells
Lymphocytes
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- compose 20–45% of WBCs
- The most important cells of the immune system
- Effective in fighting infectious organisms
- Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen), part of our specific resistance
T Cells
- Type of lymphocyte (T lymphocyte)
– attack foreign cells directly
B Cells
- Type of lymphocyte (B lymphocytes)
– multiply to become plasma cells - Secrete ANTIBODIES that will attack invading organisms
Monocytes
- Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
- The largest of leukocytes
- A Type of Phagocytic Cell: immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
- Transform into macrophages
- compose 4–8% of WBCs
Platelets/Thrombocytes
- Cell fragments that play an essential role in blood clotting
Embolus/Embolism
- Embolus: An unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages
- When an embolus obstructs a blood vessel, it is called an embolism or embolic event.
Process of Blood Clotting
1) Thromboplastin and calcium ions combine and convert prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin is an enzyme in blood plasma that causes blood clotting
2) Thrombin helps convert fibrinogen into fibrin strands
- Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates
3) Fibrin forms afibrousmesh thatimpedesthe flow of blood
Thrombus/Thrombosis
- Thrombus: A blood clot; the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis (the stopping of a flow of blood)
- Thrombosis is the disease that occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries
What is the “key” to blood clotting?
Thrombin
Process of Anti-Clotting
- Antiprothrombin (heparin) prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by forming an antithrombin
- Thromboplastin is prevented from being released from platelets
What is the “key” to anti-clotting?
Heparin is the key, produced by basophils
Hematopoiesis
~ The process of blood cell formation
- 100 billion new blood cells formed each day
What is the site for Hematopoiesis?
~ (Red) Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is located within all bones
- Red bone marrow actively generates new blood cells
- Contains immature erythrocytes
- Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
Yellow Marrow
- Tissue framework for red marrow: Reticular connective tissue
- Located in the long bones of adults
- Contains many fat cells
- dormant
Where do all blood cells originate?
- All blood cells originate in bone marrow
- All originate from one cell type – blood stem cell
- There are two categories of blood stem cells: Lymphoid stem cells and Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
- Type of blood stem cell
- give rise to lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cells
- Type of blood stem cell
- Give rise to all other blood cells
