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Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science > The Blood (Q3,P1) > Flashcards

The Blood (Q3,P1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Blood Circulation

A
  • Powered by the pumping action of the heart
  • Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
  • Helps body regulate temperature
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2
Q

Characteristics of Blood

A
  • pH = 7.35 – 7.45
  • Viscosity = 3.3 – 5.5
  • Temperature = 100.4
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3
Q

Composition of Blood

A
  • Considered connective tissue
  • Contains cellular (blood cells) and liquid components (blood plasma)
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4
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  • Straw-colored, sticky FLUID portion of blood
  • Approximately 90% water
  • Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
  • Contain 3 main proteins: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
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5
Q

Albumin

A
  • Type of blood plasma protein
  • controls OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the circulatory system
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6
Q

Globulins

A
  • Type of blood plasma protein
  • transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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7
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • Type of blood plasma protein
  • blood clotting elements
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8
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A
  • Red Blood Cells
  • anucleate, biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.

~ Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
- Oxygen-transporting cells
- Most numerous of the formed elements
- Have no organelles or nuclei (anucleate): energy is generated via an anaerobic mechanism

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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.

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10
Q

Origin and Shape of Erythrocytes

A
  • Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area for oxygen transport
  • Live 100–120 days
  • Originate in the bone marrow
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11
Q

Type O Rh Negative

A

Universal Donor of blood

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12
Q

AB Rh Positive

A

Universal Recipient of blood

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13
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Type of blood cells (formed element of the blood)
  • White blood cells
  • Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
  • Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
  • Two Types: Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
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14
Q

Diapedesis

A

The process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries

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15
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • types of leukocytes
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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16
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • types of leukocytes
  • lymphocytes, monocytes
17
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Type of granulocyte leukocyte
  • most numerous white blood cell
  • Phagocytize and DESTROY bacteria
18
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Type of granulocyte leukocyte
  • compose 1–4% of all WBCs
  • Play roles in ending ALLERGIC REACTIONS and parasitic infections
19
Q

Basophils

A
  • Type of granulocyte leukocyte
  • about 0.5% of all leukocytes
  • Granules secrete histamines
  • Function in INFLAMMATION MEDIATION: Similar in function to mast cells
20
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
  • compose 20–45% of WBCs
  • The most important cells of the immune system
  • Effective in fighting infectious organisms
  • Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen), part of our specific resistance
21
Q

T Cells

A
  • Type of lymphocyte (T lymphocyte)
    – attack foreign cells directly
22
Q

B Cells

A
  • Type of lymphocyte (B lymphocytes)
    – multiply to become plasma cells
  • Secrete ANTIBODIES that will attack invading organisms
23
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Type of Agranulocyte leukocyte
  • The largest of leukocytes
  • A Type of Phagocytic Cell: immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
  • Transform into macrophages
  • compose 4–8% of WBCs
24
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A
  • Cell fragments that play an essential role in blood clotting
25
Q

Embolus/Embolism

A
  • Embolus: An unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages
  • When an embolus obstructs a blood vessel, it is called an embolism or embolic event.
26
Q

Process of Blood Clotting

A

1) Thromboplastin and calcium ions combine and convert prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin is an enzyme in blood plasma that causes blood clotting
2) Thrombin helps convert fibrinogen into fibrin strands
- Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates
3) Fibrin forms afibrousmesh thatimpedesthe flow of blood

27
Q

Thrombus/Thrombosis

A
  • Thrombus: A blood clot; the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis (the stopping of a flow of blood)
  • Thrombosis is the disease that occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries
28
Q

What is the “key” to blood clotting?

A

Thrombin

29
Q

Process of Anti-Clotting

A
  • Antiprothrombin (heparin) prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by forming an antithrombin
  • Thromboplastin is prevented from being released from platelets
30
Q

What is the “key” to anti-clotting?

A

Heparin is the key, produced by basophils

31
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

~ The process of blood cell formation
- 100 billion new blood cells formed each day

32
Q

What is the site for Hematopoiesis?

A

~ (Red) Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is located within all bones
- Red bone marrow actively generates new blood cells
- Contains immature erythrocytes
- Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton

33
Q

Yellow Marrow

A
  • Tissue framework for red marrow: Reticular connective tissue
  • Located in the long bones of adults
  • Contains many fat cells
  • dormant
34
Q

Where do all blood cells originate?

A
  • All blood cells originate in bone marrow
  • All originate from one cell type – blood stem cell
  • There are two categories of blood stem cells: Lymphoid stem cells and Myeloid stem cells
35
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A
  • Type of blood stem cell
  • give rise to lymphocytes
36
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A
  • Type of blood stem cell
  • Give rise to all other blood cells

Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science (31 decks)

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