Respiratory System (Q4,P1) Flashcards
Primary Functions of the Respiratory System
- Supplies body with oxygen.
- Disposes of carbon dioxide.
Four Processes of Respiration
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- External Respiration
- Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Internal Respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
breathing; moving air in and out of the lungs.
External Respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and air at the lung alveoli.
Transport of Respiratory Gases
the blood transports carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Internal Respiration
gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells.
Respiratory Organs
- Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
- Bronchi and smaller branches: bronchi and bronchiole tree
- Lungs and alveoli (air-filled openings)
Different Zones/Categories of Respiratory Organs
- Conducting Zone
- Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone
- transports the air
- includes all structures of the respiratory system up to (but not including) the respiratory bronchioles
- ends at the terminal bronchioles.
Respiratory Zone
- The site of gas exchange;
- the end part of the respiratory tree;
- starts at the respiratory bronchioles.
Functions of the Nose
- Provides an airway for respiration
- Moistens and warms air
- Filters inhaled air
External Nares
The nostrils
Nasal Septum
Structure that divides the external nares
Nasopharynx
the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.
Posterior Nasal Apertures/Choanae/Posterior Nares
two openings found at the back of the nasal passage between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
Boundaries for the Nasal Cavity
- Roof
- Floor
- Medial Wall
- Lateral Walls
Roof of the Nasal Cavity
- Cribriform Plate (Ethmoid Bone)
- Sphenoid Bone
- Frontal Bone
Floor of the Nasal Cavity
- Hard Palate
- Soft Palate
Medial Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Septum
Lateral Walls of the Nasal Cavity
- inferior Nasal Conchae Bones
- Conchae of the Ethmoid Bone
Nasal Conchae
- The superior and middle parts are a part of the ethmoid bone
- The inferior part is a separate bone
- Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- Particulate matter is deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
Pharynx
- Funnel-shaped passageway
- Connects nasal cavity and mouth
- Divided into three locations: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- The type of mucosal lining varies along its length
Nasopharnyx
- Superior to the point where food enters
- Only an air passageway
- Closed off during swallowing
- Home of the Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
- Located on posterior wall
- Destroys entering pathogens (part of immune system)
- Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
Oropharynx
- Arch-like entranceway – fauces:the arched opening at the back of the mouth leading to the pharynx.
- Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
- Passageway for both food and air
- Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
Functions of the Larynx
- Voice production
- Provides an open airway
- Routes air and food into the proper channels
Trachea
- The windpipe
- Descends into the mediastinum
Divides into two main bronchi at the carina - 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings keep airway open.
- rings separated by fibrous connective tissue
Carina
- ridge in the trachea where the bifurcation occurs
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
- Bronchi Tree
- Primary Bronchi
- Right Secondary Bronchi
- Left Secondary Bronchi
- Tertiary Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
Bronchial Tree
- Extensively branching respiratory passageways
- 23 divisions
Primary bronchi
- Main 2 bronchi
- largest bronchi
Right Secondary Bronchi
- Lobar, 3
- Wider and shorter than the left
Left Secondary Bronchi
- Lobar, 2
Tertiary Bronchi
- Segmental, 10 in each lung
- Branch into each lung segment
Bronchioles
< 1mm
Terminal Bronchioles
- < 0.5mm
- end of the conducting zone
Respiratory Zone
Consists of air-exchanging structures
Respiratory Bronchioles
- Start of the respiratory zone
- Branch from the terminal bronchioles
Parts of the Respiratory Zone
Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, that lead to alveolar sacs
Pleurae
- A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
- Help divide the thoracic cavity
Central mediastinum
Two lateral pleural compartments
Pleural Cavity
Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
What shape are the lungs?
- Pyramidal shaped
- bilateral in thoracic cavity
Costal Surface of the Lungs
Abuts the ribs
Apex of the Lungs
Superior tip of each lung
Base of the Lungs/ Diaphragmatic Surface
Inferior surface of the lungs
Mediastinal Surface of the Lungs
Medial surface of each lung
Hilus of the Lungs
Opening for nerves, bronchi, vascular
Cardiac Notch
Region for the heart
Left Lung
- Has 2 Lobes
- Oblique Fissure
Right Lung
- Has 3 Lobes
- Horizontal or Transverse Fissure located superiorly:
- Oblique Fissure located inferiorly
Fissures are structures that separate the lines of the lungs
How many segments does each lung have?
10 segments
Lobules
The smallest lung division you can see by the naked eye
Stroma
- Connective tissue in the lungs giving support (shape and structure)
- Literally translates to “supporting mattress”
Pulmonary Arteries
Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
carry oxygenated blood to the heart
Innervation of the Lungs
Innervation: the act of stimulating an organ to activity
- Lungs are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic Sensory Fibers
Constrict airways
Sympathetic Sensory Fibers
Dilate Airways
