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Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science > Cells and Tissues (Q1,P2) > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues (Q1,P2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells

A

the smallest living units in our bodies

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2
Q

Organelles

A

little organs” – carry on essential functions of cells

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3
Q

Enzymes

A

direct chemical reactions in cells

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4
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell
  • two types: Anabolic reactions & Catabolic reactions
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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • defines the extent of the cell
  • has a phospholipid bilayer
  • Provides barrier against substances outside the cell
  • Some plasma membranes act as receptors
  • Determines which substances enter or leave the cell (semipermeable)
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6
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Main components of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • Contains two types of cells: neurons & Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)
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7
Q

Neurons

A

Conduct electrical impulses

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8
Q

Supporting Cells/Neuroglial Cells

A

nonconducting cells

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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissue

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

striations; voluntary movement; long, cylindrical cells (fibers)

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11
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striations; involuntary movement; occurs in walls of heart (myocardium)

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12
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

lacks striations; involuntary control; propels substances along internal passageways; mostly walls of hollow organs

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13
Q

Integral Proteins

A

firmly imbedded in, or attached to lipid bilayer

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14
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

attach to membrane surface

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15
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

molecules move from a region where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

the simple diffusion of water across a membrane; water moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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17
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • mechanism by which particles enter cells
  • Two types: Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Type of endocytosis
  • “cell eating” – primary nonspecific defense mechanism of the host; many white blood cells carry out this function
    -nonselective or nonspecific
19
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • Type of Endocytosis
  • “cell drinking” – many cells of the digestive system will use this process to sample the nutrients of the tissue fluid
  • nonselective or nonspecific
20
Q

Exocytosis

A

mechanism that moves substances out of the cell; secretory cells will use this process

21
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • lies internal to plasma membrane
  • Consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
22
Q

Cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix)

A
  • Jelly-like fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended
  • Consists of water, ions, and enzymes
23
Q

Ribosomes

A

constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

24
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Assembly process is called translation and is dictated by the DNA
  • Instructions are carried out by the messenger RNA (mRNA)
25
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

“network within the cytoplasm”
- two types: rough er, smooth er

26
Q

Rough ER

A
  • type of Endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes stud the external surfaces
  • Cell’s membrane factory; produces the proteins of the the cell’s membrane, secretory proteins, digestive enzymes
  • Stores ionic calcium which acts as a signal for the beginning of many cellular events
27
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • type of Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • consists of tubules in a branching network
  • No ribosomes are attached; therefore no protein synthesis
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Stores ionic calcium which acts as a signal for the beginning of many cellular events
28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • a stack of three to ten disk-shaped envelopes
  • Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to the proper destination
  • Often referred to as the “post office” of the cell
29
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • generate most of the cell’s energy (ATP); most complex organelle
  • Often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
  • Energy is stored in chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to produce ATP (energy for the cell)
    (ATP stands for adenosinetriphosphate)
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes
  • Digest unwanted substances
31
Q
A
  • membrane-walled sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes
  • Enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisons
  • two types: Oxidase & Catalase
  • Break down long chains of fatty acids
  • Are numerous in the liver and kidneys
32
Q

Oxidase

A

an enzyme that breaks down free radicals and forms hydrogen peroxide

33
Q

Catalase

A

an enzyme that further breaks down the hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2
Break down long chains of fatty acids

34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • “cell skeleton”
    – an elaborate network of rods
  • Serves as the cell’s bones, muscles, and ligaments
35
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

A
  • Temporary structures
  • not present in all cell types
  • May consist of pigments, crystals of protein, and food stores
36
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center of cell
  • DNA directs the cell’s activities
  • Nucleus is approximate 5µm in diameter
  • Genetic information of the cell
  • Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane also called a nuclear envelope
37
Q

Nucleolus

A

– “little nucleus” – in the center of the nucleus
- Contains parts of several chromosomes
- Site of ribosome subunit manufacture

38
Q

Cellular Diversity

A

Specialized functions of cells relates to:
Shape of cell
Types of organelles present

39
Q

Tissue

A

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

40
Q

Organ

A

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

41
Q

Four Basic Tissue Types and Basic Functions

A

Epithelial tissue – covering and lining
Connective tissue – support
Muscle tissue – movement
Nervous tissue – control / communication

42
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
  • Forms most glands
  • Functions of epithelium:Protection
    Absorption, secretion, ion transport, Filtration
  • Forms slippery surfaces
43
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia

A

Cellularity, support by connective tissue, avascular, innervated, regeneration

Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science (31 decks)

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