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Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science > (C) Second Quarter Final Study Guide > Flashcards

(C) Second Quarter Final Study Guide Flashcards

2nd Quarter final

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1
Q

Functional Classifications of Joints

A

Functional classification is based on the amount of movement
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses

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2
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most movable type of joint
All are diarthroses
Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
Richly supplied with sensory nerves that Detect pain
lubricating devices
Are subjected to compressive forces
Friction could overheat and destroy joint tissue
Have a rich blood supply

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3
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
A filtrate of blood
Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts

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4
Q

Bursa

A

a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane
- closed bags of lubricant
reduce friction between body elements
- not synovial joints

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5
Q

the most important factor in joint stability

A

Muscle tone
keeps tension on muscle tendons

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6
Q

FLexion

A

decrease the angle between two bones

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7
Q

Extension

A

increase the angle between bones

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8
Q

Abduction (A.B duction)

A

moving a limb away from the body midline

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9
Q

Adduction (A.D duction)

A

moving a limb toward the body midline

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10
Q

Circumduction

A

moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

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11
Q

Supination

A

forearm rotates laterally – palm faces anteriorly
special movement

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12
Q

Pronation

A

– forearm rotates medially – palm faces posteriorly
special movement

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13
Q

Supine

A

face up

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14
Q

Prone

A

face down

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15
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin

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16
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

depressing the foot – pointing the toes
(Think of a ballerina)

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17
Q

Hinge joints

A

Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone
Elbow, ankle, knee and joints between phalanges
Movement is uniaxial – allows movement around one axis only

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18
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

Allow moving bone to travel:
Side to side – abduction-adduction
Back and forth – flexion-extension
Classified as biaxial – movement occurs around two axes

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19
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
Classified as multiaxial – allow movement in all axes
Examples: shoulder and hip joints

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20
Q

Functional Classifications of Muscle Tissue

A

1) Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton (40% of body weight, striations)
Moves body by moving the bones
2) Smooth muscle – squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs (involuntary; no striations)
3) Cardiac muscle – propels blood through the circulatory system (coiled striations for contraction)

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21
Q

Epimysium

A
  • Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
  • dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
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22
Q

Perimysium

A
  • Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
    -surrounds each fascicle – fibrous connective tissue (group of muscle fibers)
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23
Q

Endomysium

A
  • Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
    – a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell – mostly reticular fibers
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24
Q

Lavator Anguli Oris

A
  • Origin: maxilla
  • Insertion: Skin/muscle at corner of the mouth
  • Action: Raises angle of the mouth
    Also called: Snarling muscle
    Found deep to the Quadratus labii superioris
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25
Q

Origin

A

The unmoving end of the muscle that is attached to another structure

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26
Q

Insertion

A

The muscle attachment that is moved when the muscle is activated

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27
Q

Action

A

The function of a particular muscle/what the muscle does

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28
Q

Synergist

A

Separate muscles that work toward the same goal.
Two or more muscles may help each other

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29
Q

Antagonist

A

Separate muscles work against each other (antagonize each other)

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30
Q

Belly

A
  • The widest part of the muscle
  • The fleshy part of the muscle
  • Some muscles have more than one
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31
Q

Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (Occipitalis)

A

Origin: superior nuchal line (occipital bone)
Insertion: galea aponeurotica
Action: draws scalp posteriorly (toward the origin/ back of the head)

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32
Q

Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (frontalis)

A

Definition: belly at the anterior of the cranium
Origin: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: skin of. Eyebrows and root of nose
Action: draws superior and wrinkles forword
Nickname: surprise muscle

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33
Q

Temporalis

A

Definition: located on the temples
Origin: temporal fossa
Insertion: Coronoid process (mandible)
Action: closes the jaw (muscle of mastication)
also called: strongest chewing muscle

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34
Q

Corrugator

A

Origin: superciliary arch of frontal bone
Insertion: skin of eyebrow
Action: draws eyebrows inferiorly and wrinkles skin over glabella
Nickname: frowning muscle; means cardboard, wrinkly
(forms interciliary sulci)

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35
Q

Procerus

A

Origin: Nasal bone
Insertion: frontalis muscle and skin of glabella
Action: pulls eyebrows inferiorly

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36
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone
Insertion: angle and Ramos of mandible
Action: closes the jaw
Nickname: chewing muscle (masticate=chew)

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37
Q

Risorius

A

Origin: deep fascia of cheek
Insertion: skin at the corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth Laterally
Nickname: false smile

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38
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: mandible, maxilla, and adjacent muscles to mouth
Insertion: skin and muscles of lips
Action: compresses and proteudes lips and closes mouth
Nickname: puckering muscle

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39
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin of lower lip
Action: draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
(Quadratus labii inferioris- means four sides)

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40
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin and muscles at corner of the mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth inferiorly
(Triangularis)

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41
Q

Mentalis

A

Origin: incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion: skin of chin
Action: elevates and protrudes lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin
(Mental=chin)

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42
Q

Digastric (Anterior Belly)

A

Origin: lower margin mandible
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: lowers mandible and opens jaw; elevates hyoid bone
(Digastric=2 bellies)

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43
Q

Digastric (posterior belly)

A

Origin: mastoid process
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: elevates hyoid bone during mastication (chewing) and swallowing

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44
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris (deep)

A

Origin: sphenoid bone inside rear of eye socket
Insertion: skin of superior eyelid
Action: draws eyelids open

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45
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Origin: frontal and maxilla bones and ligaments surround the eye sockets (encircles eye)
Insertion: inferior and superior palpebrae (encircles eye)
Action: closes eyelids, squinting, blinking, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
creates crow’s feet
type of sphincter muscle

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46
Q

Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

Definition; lifter of top lip, located on the sides of the face
Origin: upper rontal process of maxilla
Insertion: skin of lateral nostril wing and the upper lip
Action: raises upper lip and dilates the nostrils
Also called: common elevator

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47
Q

Lavator labii superioris

A

Origin: zygomatic bone and infraorbital margin maxilla bones
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: lifts upper lip and exposes maxillary (upper) teeth
also known as: intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris

48
Q

Zygomaticus Major

A

Origin: lateral area of zygomatic bone.
Insertion: muscle and skin of upper lip
Action: draws lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally
Nickname: laughing muscle (remember “major laughs”)

49
Q

Zygomaticus Minor

A

Origin: zygomatic bone
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: draws upper lip superiorly and laterally
Nickname: smiling muscle

50
Q

Buccinator

A

Origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible
Insertion: lateral corner of Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
Action: compresses neck
Nickname: bugler’s muscle/ trumpeter’s muscle

51
Q

Platysma

A

Origin: clavicles and pectoralis (fascia of the chest; over pectora; muscles and deltoid)
Insertion: mandible, skin of corner of mouth, and cheeks
Action: depresses mandible and lower mouth; tenses skin of lower Face And anterior neck
(Plat=flat)
also called: shock and horror muscle

52
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A

Definition: two heads, one attaching to the clavicle, and one attaching to the sternum
Origin: clavicle and sternum
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Action: pulls the head anteriorly and inferiorly (to dip your head)
(Deep to platysma)

53
Q

Omohyoid

A

Origin: Superior surface of the scapula
Insertion: Lower border of the hyoid bone
Action: Depresses the hyoid bone (antagonist to digastric muscle)

54
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, maxilla, and palatine bone
Insertion: Medial surface of the mandible near its angle
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements

55
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

Origin: Greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Condyle of the mandible and capsule of the temporomandibular joint
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements

56
Q

Heads of the Quadratus Labii Superioris

A
  • Medial head – Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
  • Intermediate head – Levator labii superioris
  • Lateral head – Zygomaticus minor
57
Q

External Intercostals

A

—Origin: Inferior border of rib above (bottom of the top rib)
—Insertion: Superior border of rib below (top part of bottom rib)
Action: Elevates the ribs in breathing
Muscles of inspiration
Run UP to DOWN

58
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Origin: Superior border of rib below
Insertion: Inferior border of rib abov

DOWN: rib below TO UP: rib above

Action: Depresses ribs in breathing
Muscles of expiration and decreases thoracic capacity
Deep to external intercostals

59
Q

Diaphragm – Phrenic Muscle

A

Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Origin: Sternum, ribs, and vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon
—Action: Increases chest capacity

60
Q

—Trapezius

A

Origin:Medial third of superior nuchal line; external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7 - T12 vertebrae
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
—Action:Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula

61
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Origin:Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
—Insertion:Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action:Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus; raises body toward arms during climbing; rowing motion of humerus

62
Q

Deltoid

A

—- Origin: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

  • Insertion: DELTOID TUBEROSITY OF HUMERUS
  • Action:
    Anterior part: flexes and medially rotates arm
    —-Middle part: ABDUCTS ARM
    Posterior part: extends and laterally rotates arm
63
Q

Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Actions

A

Action: Laterally rotate arm; helps to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula

64
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

—Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Base of 2nd METACARPAL

Action: FLEXES and abducts HAND (at WRIST)

65
Q

Sartorius

A

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Proximal tibia

Action: Flexes and rotates the leg

AKA The tailor’s muscle

— lateral boarder of the femoral (Scarpa’s) triangle

66
Q

Soleus

A

Origin: Extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)

Action: Plantar flexion

— Lies deep to the gastrocnemius

67
Q

3 Hamstring Muscles

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

68
Q

The 4 Rotator Cuff Muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

69
Q

Nervous System Functions

A

Master control and communication system
1) Gathers information – sensory input
2) Processes and interprets sensory input
3) Dictates a response - motor output

70
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Integrating and command center
2 Divisions: Brain, Spinal Cord

71
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Consists of nerves extending from brain and spinal cord
Cranial nerves – 12 pairs
Spinal nerves – 31 pairs
- Peripheral nerves link all regions of the body to the CNS; responsible for getting info to cns and putting out info to the body

72
Q

Sensory (afferent) signals

A
  • signals that come from outside stimuli and tell your brain what they are sensing, such as temperature
  • Picked up by sensor receptors
  • signals directed TOWARD the CNS
73
Q

Motor (efferent) signals

A

innervate muscles and glands
Signals travel AWAY from the CNS

74
Q

Three Main Parts of a Neuron

A

1) Cell Body
2) Dendrites
3) Axons

75
Q

Cell Body of a Neuron

A

Contains usual organelles plus other structures

76
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Extensively branching from the cell body
  • Function as receptive sites (carry electric signals to the cell body)
77
Q

Axons

A
  • Neuron has only one
  • portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
78
Q

Types of Nerve Coverings

A

1) Endoneurium: layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon
2) Nerve Fascicles: groups of axons bound into bundles
3) Perineurium: connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle
4) Epineurium: whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath

79
Q

3 parts of Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

80
Q

What are the Ventricles of the Brain?

A

Expansions of the brain’s central cavity
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid produced by vessels called the CHOROID PLEXUSES
Ventricles are Continuous with each other
Ventricles are Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

81
Q

4 Ventricles of the Brain

A

1)Lateral ventricles
2) Third ventricle
3) Cerebral aqueduct
4) Fourth ventricle

82
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

located in cerebral hemispheres, anterior in the brain

83
Q

Third ventricle

A
  • lies in diencephalon
  • Connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen – also called the “Foramen of Monro”
84
Q

Cerebral aqueduct/“Aqueduct of Sylvius”

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

85
Q

4th Ventricle

A

– lies in hindbrain
- Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
- LATERAL APERTURE – foramen of Luschke
- MEDIAN APERTURE– foramen of Magendie

86
Q

Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum

A

Consists of:
Basal ganglia – involved in MOTOR CONTRL
Basal forebrain nuclei – associated with MEMORY; usually the last to develop (that’s why we don’t have memory up to a certain point)

87
Q

The Diencephalon – The Thalamus

A

Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex
Nuclei organize and amplify or tone down signals

  • Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
  • Contains approximately a dozen major nuclei
  • Afferent impulses converge on the thalamus; all info from perifial system goes through the thalamus; discriminates against important and unimportant symbols
88
Q

The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland projects inferiorly
Contains approximately a dozen nuclei
MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER of the body

Controls MANY involuntary functions (these are not all)
1) Regulation of body temperature
2) Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
3) Control of the autonomic nervous system (heartrate, breathing, etc)
4) Regulation of sleep-wake cycles

89
Q

The Diencephalon – The Epithalamus

A
  • Forms part of the “roof” of the third ventricle
  • Consists of a tiny group of nuclei
  • Includes the pineal gland (pineal body)
    The pineal gland…
    Secretes the hormone melatonin
    Under influence of the hypothalamus
90
Q

The Cerebellum

A

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Smoothes and coordinates body movements
Helps maintain equilibrium
Maintains posture (sitting or standing)

91
Q

Protection of the Brain – Meninges

A
  • Cover and protect the CNS
  • Enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS
  • Contain the cerebrospinal fluid
  • Three Layers: Dura mater,Arachnoid mater,Pia mater
92
Q

The Dura Mater

A
  • Strongest of the meninges
  • Composed of two layers: 1)Periosteal layer 2) Meningeal layer
  • Two layers are fused except to enclose the dural sinuses
93
Q

The Arachnoid Mater

A
  • a type of Meninges
  • Located beneath the dura mater
  • Subdural space; Potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space
    Filled with CSF; Contains the blood vessels that supply the brain
94
Q

The Pia Mater

A
  • a type of Meninges
  • Delicate connective tissue
  • Clings tightly to the surface of the brain; Follows all convolutions of the cortex
95
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs – contain thousands of nerve fibers
  • All Connect to the spinal cord
  • Named for point of issue from the spinal cord (1 pair per vertebra)
    8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
    12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
    5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
    5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
    1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)
96
Q

Arthrology

A

The study of joints

97
Q

Ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone,

and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.

98
Q

Myology

A

The study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles.

99
Q

Tendon

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

100
Q

Classification of Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary, non-striated

101
Q

Lower Lip Muscles

A

Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis)
Depressor labii inferioris (quadratus)
Mentalis

102
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex)

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.

(Insula: also mentioned)

102
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

X
A mixed sensory and motor nerve
“Wanders” into thorax and abdomen

Responsible for the regulation of internal organ functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as vasomotor activity, and certain reflex actions, such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

103
Q

Optic Nerve

A

II
Sensory nerve of vision

Relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images.

104
Q

Facial Nerve

A
  • VII. (7)
  • Innervates (motor) muscles of facial expression
  • 5 Divisions: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical

provides motor innervation of facial muscles that are responsible for facial expression, movement of the tongue, innervation of oral glands

105
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Part of Spinal Cord
The inferior end of the spinal cord

106
Q

Filum terminale

A

Part of Spinal Cord
long filament of connective tissue (keeps spinal cord connected)
Attaches to the coccyx inferiorly

107
Q

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

Part of Spinal Cord
Where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise

108
Q

Cauda equina

A

Part of Spinal Cord
collection of nerve roots
Means “horse’s tail”

109
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Part of Spinal Cord
anchor spinal cord to vertebrae

110
Q

spinal dural sheath

A
  • Part of Spinal Cord
  • only one layer
  • an extension of the dura mater that surrounds the spinal nerves of the spinal cord
111
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

Runs through the vertebral canal of each vertebrae
Extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the vertebra L1 or L2
Protected by vertebra bone, meninges, CSF, Dura mater of the spinal cord

112
Q

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

A

Part of Spinal Cord
Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord

113
Q

Diarthroses

A

– Classification of Joints
- freely movable (Joints allowing full movement)
– common in appendicular skeleton
Ex. elbow joint, shoulder joint, ankle joint

114
Q

Synarthroses

A

– Classification of Joints
- Immovable
– common in axial skeleton
Ex. skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.

115
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

– Classification of Joints
- slightly moveable
- common in axial skeleton
Ex. pubic symphysis of the pelvis, joint that unites the right and left hip bones of the pelvis.

116
Q

The layers of the lateral cheek muscles (superficial to interior)

A

risorius
masseter
buccinator

Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science (31 decks)

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