(C) Second Quarter Final Study Guide Flashcards
2nd Quarter final
Functional Classifications of Joints
Functional classification is based on the amount of movement
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joint
All are diarthroses
Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
Richly supplied with sensory nerves that Detect pain
lubricating devices
Are subjected to compressive forces
Friction could overheat and destroy joint tissue
Have a rich blood supply
Synovial fluid
A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
A filtrate of blood
Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts
Bursa
a flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane
- closed bags of lubricant
reduce friction between body elements
- not synovial joints
the most important factor in joint stability
Muscle tone
keeps tension on muscle tendons
FLexion
decrease the angle between two bones
Extension
increase the angle between bones
Abduction (A.B duction)
moving a limb away from the body midline
Adduction (A.D duction)
moving a limb toward the body midline
Circumduction
moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
Supination
forearm rotates laterally – palm faces anteriorly
special movement
Pronation
– forearm rotates medially – palm faces posteriorly
special movement
Supine
face up
Prone
face down
Dorsiflexion
lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin
Plantar Flexion
depressing the foot – pointing the toes
(Think of a ballerina)
Hinge joints
Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone
Elbow, ankle, knee and joints between phalanges
Movement is uniaxial – allows movement around one axis only
Condyloid Joints
Allow moving bone to travel:
Side to side – abduction-adduction
Back and forth – flexion-extension
Classified as biaxial – movement occurs around two axes
Ball and Socket Joint
Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
Classified as multiaxial – allow movement in all axes
Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Functional Classifications of Muscle Tissue
1) Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton (40% of body weight, striations)
Moves body by moving the bones
2) Smooth muscle – squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs (involuntary; no striations)
3) Cardiac muscle – propels blood through the circulatory system (coiled striations for contraction)
Epimysium
- Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
- dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium
- Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
-surrounds each fascicle – fibrous connective tissue (group of muscle fibers)
Endomysium
- Type of Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
– a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell – mostly reticular fibers
Lavator Anguli Oris
- Origin: maxilla
- Insertion: Skin/muscle at corner of the mouth
- Action: Raises angle of the mouth
Also called: Snarling muscle
Found deep to the Quadratus labii superioris
Origin
The unmoving end of the muscle that is attached to another structure
Insertion
The muscle attachment that is moved when the muscle is activated
Action
The function of a particular muscle/what the muscle does
Synergist
Separate muscles that work toward the same goal.
Two or more muscles may help each other
Antagonist
Separate muscles work against each other (antagonize each other)
Belly
- The widest part of the muscle
- The fleshy part of the muscle
- Some muscles have more than one
Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (Occipitalis)
Origin: superior nuchal line (occipital bone)
Insertion: galea aponeurotica
Action: draws scalp posteriorly (toward the origin/ back of the head)
Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (frontalis)
Definition: belly at the anterior of the cranium
Origin: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: skin of. Eyebrows and root of nose
Action: draws superior and wrinkles forword
Nickname: surprise muscle
Temporalis
Definition: located on the temples
Origin: temporal fossa
Insertion: Coronoid process (mandible)
Action: closes the jaw (muscle of mastication)
also called: strongest chewing muscle
Corrugator
Origin: superciliary arch of frontal bone
Insertion: skin of eyebrow
Action: draws eyebrows inferiorly and wrinkles skin over glabella
Nickname: frowning muscle; means cardboard, wrinkly
(forms interciliary sulci)
Procerus
Origin: Nasal bone
Insertion: frontalis muscle and skin of glabella
Action: pulls eyebrows inferiorly
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone
Insertion: angle and Ramos of mandible
Action: closes the jaw
Nickname: chewing muscle (masticate=chew)
Risorius
Origin: deep fascia of cheek
Insertion: skin at the corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth Laterally
Nickname: false smile
Orbicularis oris
Origin: mandible, maxilla, and adjacent muscles to mouth
Insertion: skin and muscles of lips
Action: compresses and proteudes lips and closes mouth
Nickname: puckering muscle
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin of lower lip
Action: draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
(Quadratus labii inferioris- means four sides)
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin and muscles at corner of the mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth inferiorly
(Triangularis)
Mentalis
Origin: incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion: skin of chin
Action: elevates and protrudes lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin
(Mental=chin)
Digastric (Anterior Belly)
Origin: lower margin mandible
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: lowers mandible and opens jaw; elevates hyoid bone
(Digastric=2 bellies)
Digastric (posterior belly)
Origin: mastoid process
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: elevates hyoid bone during mastication (chewing) and swallowing
Levator palpebrae superioris (deep)
Origin: sphenoid bone inside rear of eye socket
Insertion: skin of superior eyelid
Action: draws eyelids open
Orbicularis oculi
Origin: frontal and maxilla bones and ligaments surround the eye sockets (encircles eye)
Insertion: inferior and superior palpebrae (encircles eye)
Action: closes eyelids, squinting, blinking, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
creates crow’s feet
type of sphincter muscle
Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Definition; lifter of top lip, located on the sides of the face
Origin: upper rontal process of maxilla
Insertion: skin of lateral nostril wing and the upper lip
Action: raises upper lip and dilates the nostrils
Also called: common elevator
Lavator labii superioris
Origin: zygomatic bone and infraorbital margin maxilla bones
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: lifts upper lip and exposes maxillary (upper) teeth
also known as: intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: lateral area of zygomatic bone.
Insertion: muscle and skin of upper lip
Action: draws lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally
Nickname: laughing muscle (remember “major laughs”)
Zygomaticus Minor
Origin: zygomatic bone
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: draws upper lip superiorly and laterally
Nickname: smiling muscle
Buccinator
Origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible
Insertion: lateral corner of Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
Action: compresses neck
Nickname: bugler’s muscle/ trumpeter’s muscle
Platysma
Origin: clavicles and pectoralis (fascia of the chest; over pectora; muscles and deltoid)
Insertion: mandible, skin of corner of mouth, and cheeks
Action: depresses mandible and lower mouth; tenses skin of lower Face And anterior neck
(Plat=flat)
also called: shock and horror muscle
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Definition: two heads, one attaching to the clavicle, and one attaching to the sternum
Origin: clavicle and sternum
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Action: pulls the head anteriorly and inferiorly (to dip your head)
(Deep to platysma)
Omohyoid
Origin: Superior surface of the scapula
Insertion: Lower border of the hyoid bone
Action: Depresses the hyoid bone (antagonist to digastric muscle)
Medial Pterygoid
Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, maxilla, and palatine bone
Insertion: Medial surface of the mandible near its angle
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements
Lateral Pterygoid
Origin: Greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Condyle of the mandible and capsule of the temporomandibular joint
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements
Heads of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
- Medial head – Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
- Intermediate head – Levator labii superioris
- Lateral head – Zygomaticus minor
External Intercostals
—Origin: Inferior border of rib above (bottom of the top rib)
—Insertion: Superior border of rib below (top part of bottom rib)
Action: Elevates the ribs in breathing
Muscles of inspiration
Run UP to DOWN
Internal Intercostals
Origin: Superior border of rib below
Insertion: Inferior border of rib abov
DOWN: rib below TO UP: rib above
Action: Depresses ribs in breathing
Muscles of expiration and decreases thoracic capacity
Deep to external intercostals
Diaphragm – Phrenic Muscle
Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Origin: Sternum, ribs, and vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon
—Action: Increases chest capacity
—Trapezius
Origin:Medial third of superior nuchal line; external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7 - T12 vertebrae
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
—Action:Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Origin:Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
—Insertion:Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action:Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus; raises body toward arms during climbing; rowing motion of humerus
Deltoid
—- Origin: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
- Insertion: DELTOID TUBEROSITY OF HUMERUS
- Action:
Anterior part: flexes and medially rotates arm
—-Middle part: ABDUCTS ARM
Posterior part: extends and laterally rotates arm
Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Actions
Action: Laterally rotate arm; helps to hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula
Flexor carpi radialis
—Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of 2nd METACARPAL
Action: FLEXES and abducts HAND (at WRIST)
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: Proximal tibia
Action: Flexes and rotates the leg
AKA The tailor’s muscle
— lateral boarder of the femoral (Scarpa’s) triangle
Soleus
Origin: Extensive cone-shaped origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
Action: Plantar flexion
— Lies deep to the gastrocnemius
3 Hamstring Muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
The 4 Rotator Cuff Muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Nervous System Functions
Master control and communication system
1) Gathers information – sensory input
2) Processes and interprets sensory input
3) Dictates a response - motor output
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Integrating and command center
2 Divisions: Brain, Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of nerves extending from brain and spinal cord
Cranial nerves – 12 pairs
Spinal nerves – 31 pairs
- Peripheral nerves link all regions of the body to the CNS; responsible for getting info to cns and putting out info to the body
Sensory (afferent) signals
- signals that come from outside stimuli and tell your brain what they are sensing, such as temperature
- Picked up by sensor receptors
- signals directed TOWARD the CNS
Motor (efferent) signals
innervate muscles and glands
Signals travel AWAY from the CNS
Three Main Parts of a Neuron
1) Cell Body
2) Dendrites
3) Axons
Cell Body of a Neuron
Contains usual organelles plus other structures
Dendrites
- Extensively branching from the cell body
- Function as receptive sites (carry electric signals to the cell body)
Axons
- Neuron has only one
- portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Types of Nerve Coverings
1) Endoneurium: layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon
2) Nerve Fascicles: groups of axons bound into bundles
3) Perineurium: connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle
4) Epineurium: whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath
3 parts of Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What are the Ventricles of the Brain?
Expansions of the brain’s central cavity
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid produced by vessels called the CHOROID PLEXUSES
Ventricles are Continuous with each other
Ventricles are Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
4 Ventricles of the Brain
1)Lateral ventricles
2) Third ventricle
3) Cerebral aqueduct
4) Fourth ventricle
Lateral ventricles
located in cerebral hemispheres, anterior in the brain
Third ventricle
- lies in diencephalon
- Connected with lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen – also called the “Foramen of Monro”
Cerebral aqueduct/“Aqueduct of Sylvius”
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
4th Ventricle
– lies in hindbrain
- Connects to the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
- LATERAL APERTURE – foramen of Luschke
- MEDIAN APERTURE– foramen of Magendie
Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
Consists of:
Basal ganglia – involved in MOTOR CONTRL
Basal forebrain nuclei – associated with MEMORY; usually the last to develop (that’s why we don’t have memory up to a certain point)
The Diencephalon – The Thalamus
Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex
Nuclei organize and amplify or tone down signals
- Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
- Contains approximately a dozen major nuclei
- Afferent impulses converge on the thalamus; all info from perifial system goes through the thalamus; discriminates against important and unimportant symbols
The Diencephalon – The Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland projects inferiorly
Contains approximately a dozen nuclei
MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER of the body
Controls MANY involuntary functions (these are not all)
1) Regulation of body temperature
2) Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
3) Control of the autonomic nervous system (heartrate, breathing, etc)
4) Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
The Diencephalon – The Epithalamus
- Forms part of the “roof” of the third ventricle
- Consists of a tiny group of nuclei
- Includes the pineal gland (pineal body)
The pineal gland…
Secretes the hormone melatonin
Under influence of the hypothalamus
The Cerebellum
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Smoothes and coordinates body movements
Helps maintain equilibrium
Maintains posture (sitting or standing)
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
- Cover and protect the CNS
- Enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS
- Contain the cerebrospinal fluid
- Three Layers: Dura mater,Arachnoid mater,Pia mater
The Dura Mater
- Strongest of the meninges
- Composed of two layers: 1)Periosteal layer 2) Meningeal layer
- Two layers are fused except to enclose the dural sinuses
The Arachnoid Mater
- a type of Meninges
- Located beneath the dura mater
- Subdural space; Potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF; Contains the blood vessels that supply the brain
The Pia Mater
- a type of Meninges
- Delicate connective tissue
- Clings tightly to the surface of the brain; Follows all convolutions of the cortex
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs – contain thousands of nerve fibers
- All Connect to the spinal cord
- Named for point of issue from the spinal cord (1 pair per vertebra)
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)
Arthrology
The study of joints
Ligament
fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone,
and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Myology
The study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles.
Tendon
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Classification of Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, non-striated
Lower Lip Muscles
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis)
Depressor labii inferioris (quadratus)
Mentalis
Lobes of the Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex)
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.
(Insula: also mentioned)
Vagus Nerve
X
A mixed sensory and motor nerve
“Wanders” into thorax and abdomen
Responsible for the regulation of internal organ functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as vasomotor activity, and certain reflex actions, such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
Optic Nerve
II
Sensory nerve of vision
Relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images.
Facial Nerve
- VII. (7)
- Innervates (motor) muscles of facial expression
- 5 Divisions: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
provides motor innervation of facial muscles that are responsible for facial expression, movement of the tongue, innervation of oral glands
Conus medullaris
Part of Spinal Cord
The inferior end of the spinal cord
Filum terminale
Part of Spinal Cord
long filament of connective tissue (keeps spinal cord connected)
Attaches to the coccyx inferiorly
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
Part of Spinal Cord
Where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise
Cauda equina
Part of Spinal Cord
collection of nerve roots
Means “horse’s tail”
Denticulate ligaments
Part of Spinal Cord
anchor spinal cord to vertebrae
spinal dural sheath
- Part of Spinal Cord
- only one layer
- an extension of the dura mater that surrounds the spinal nerves of the spinal cord
The Spinal Cord
Runs through the vertebral canal of each vertebrae
Extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the vertebra L1 or L2
Protected by vertebra bone, meninges, CSF, Dura mater of the spinal cord
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
Part of Spinal Cord
Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord
Diarthroses
– Classification of Joints
- freely movable (Joints allowing full movement)
– common in appendicular skeleton
Ex. elbow joint, shoulder joint, ankle joint
Synarthroses
– Classification of Joints
- Immovable
– common in axial skeleton
Ex. skull sutures, the articulations between the teeth and the mandible, and the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.
Amphiarthroses
– Classification of Joints
- slightly moveable
- common in axial skeleton
Ex. pubic symphysis of the pelvis, joint that unites the right and left hip bones of the pelvis.
The layers of the lateral cheek muscles (superficial to interior)
risorius
masseter
buccinator
