Anatomy First Quarter Study Guide (Final) Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology
the study of body function
Superior (cranial/rostral)
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure/body; below
Anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body ; in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
Proximal
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone) (close to origin)
Distal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm)(far from origin)
Median (mid-sagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse Plane
runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
What is the Dorsal Cavity comprised of?
The cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) cavity
What is the ventral cavity? What is it comprised of?
the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
The ventral cavity has two main divisions: 1) Thoracic cavity and the 2) Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
the right and left pleural cavity (cavities that contain the lungs) and the Mediastinum (a membranous partition between two body cavities)
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity? What is it comprised of?
divided into two parts, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity - contains the liver stomach kidney and other organs.
Pelvic Cavity- contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
What are Serous Membranes? And name them
line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where theysecrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
Pleura Membrane (lung) Pericardium Membrane (heart) Peritoneum Membrane (Abdominopelvic viscera)
Epidermis
- External Layer of the skin
- stratified squamous epithelial tissue
- Contains 4 main cell types: Kertainocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans cells
Dermis
- Second major layer of the skin
- Strong, flexible connective tissue; cells associated with any connective tissue proper
- Binds the entire body together like a stocking
- Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
- Has two layers: Papillary Layer, Reticular Layer
Keratinocytes
- Cell type of the Epidermis
- most abundant
- Arise from deepest layer of epidermis
- Produce keratin – a tough fibrous protein
- Produce antibiotics and enzymes
- Keratinocytes are dead at skin’s surface
Melanocytes
- Cell type of the Epidermis
- produce melanin; a dark skin pigment.
- found in the basal layer of the epidermis
Merkel Cells
- Cell type of the Epidermis
- associated with a sensory nerve ending and may serve as a receptor for touch.
- found in the basal layer of the epidermis
Langerhans Cells
- Cell type of the Epidermis
- part of the immune system; use endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens) that have invaded the epidermis.
- Contains star-shaped Langerhans cells
- Found in the spiny layer
Melanin
- skin color pigment
- most important pigment; ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to black
Compact bone
dense outer layer of bone
Spongy (cancellous; trabecular) bone
internal network of bone
Diaphysis
Part of a long bone;“shaft” of a bone
Epiphysis
Part of a long bone; ends of a bone
Medullary cavity
Part of a long bone; hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone; filled with yellow marrow
Periosteum
Membrane of a long bone; the fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces
Endosteum
membrane of a long bone; membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone and other inner bone surfaces
Osteon or Haversian System
microscopic bone unit of compact bone, consisting of Haversian canals and the surrounding lamellae;
long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compressive forces.
What is the functionality of the Osteon?
osteons can be viewed as miniature
weight-bearing pillars
What is the structural function of the Osteon?
an osteon is a group of concentric tubes
resembling the rings of a tree trunk
Lamella (lamellae)
a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction; the fibers and crystals of adjacent lamellae always run in roughly opposite directions
Central Canal (Haversian Canal)
runs through the core of each osteon; is lined by endosteum; contains blood vessels which provide nutrients to the bone cells, and nerve fibers
What is the chemical composition of bone?
- 35% organic compounds: cells, fibers, and organic substances, collagen
- 65% inorganic mineral salts: primarily calcium phosphate
what is Calcium phosphate’s function in bones?
-mineral salts are present in tiny crystals that lie in and around the collagen fibrils
- Resists compression; provides bone with its hardness
Sacrum
- 1 bone
- inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to the coccyx
- Laterally articulates with the iliac region of the hip bones to form the sacroiliac joint.
- Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis
- Formed from 5 fused vertebrae
- Superior surface articulates with L5
Coccyx
- 1 bone
- most inferior region of the vertebral column
- Is the “tailbone”
- Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae
Typical Cervical Vertebrae
C3-C7
Atlas
- Another name for the C1 vertebrae
- Lacks a body and spinous process
- Supports/ hold weight of the skull
- Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
- Allows flexion and extension of neck (to nod yes)
Axis
- Has a body and spinous process
- Has a Dens (odontoid process)
Dens (odontoid process)
- Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis
- Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull
- Participates in rotating the head from side to side (to say “no”)
Parts of the Sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
Manubrium
- Superior section of the Sternum
- Articulates with medial end of clavicles
Body of the Sternum
- bulk of sternum
- Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
Xiphoid Process
- Inferior end of sternum
- Ossifies around age 40
True Ribs
- superior seven pairs of ribs
- Attach to sternum by costal cartilage
False Ribs
– inferior five pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to the sternum (8-10) or do not attach at all to the sternum (11-12)
Floating Ribs
- Ribs 11-12
- called “floating ribs” because they are not connected to the sternum; sag at the back of the body
Vertebral Column
- Formed from 26 bones in the adult
- Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs
- Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
- Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back
- Held in place by ligaments
Sections of the Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7) Concave
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Convex
Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Concave
Sacrum (1) Convex
Coccyx (1)
Features of Cervical Vertebrae (Typical Vertebra)
- Body
- Transverse Processes
- Vertebral Foramen
- Spinous Process
Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands
- Appendage of the skin
- widely distributed throughout the body
- Sweating prevents overheating of the body, because sweat cools the skin as it evaporates, filtrates blood
- Has two types: eccrine gland, apocrine gland
Enzymes
direct chemical reactions in cells
Metabolism
- the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell
- two types: Anabolic reactions & Catabolic reactions
Plasma Membrane
- defines the extent of the cell
- has a phospholipid bilayer
- Provides barrier against substances outside the cell
- Some plasma membranes act as receptors
- Determines which substances enter or leave the cell (semipermeable)
Endocytosis
- mechanism by which particles enter cells
- Two types: Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
mechanism that moves substances out of the cell; secretory cells will use this process
Ribosomes
constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Golgi Apparatus
- a stack of three to ten disk-shaped envelopes
- Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to the proper destination
- Often referred to as the “post office” of the cell
Mitochondria
- generate most of the cell’s energy (ATP); most complex organelle
- Often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
- Energy is stored in chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to produce ATP (energy for the cell)
(ATP stands for adenosinetriphosphate)
Lysosomes
- membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes
- Digest unwanted substances
nucleus
- control center of cell
- DNA directs the cell’s activities
- Nucleus is approximate 5µm in diameter
- Genetic information of the cell
- Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane also called a nuclear envelope
Axial Skeleton
- Formed from 80 named bones
Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
sutures of the cranium
coronal suture
squamous suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
Features of Occipital Bone
Occipital condyles: enables us to nod our head “yes”
External occipital protuberance: external surface of the occipital bone is a knob in the midline
Hyoid Bone
- Lies inferior to the mandible
- The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
- Acts as a movable base for the tongue
Sections of the Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7) Concave
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Convex
Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Concave
Sacrum (1) Convex
Coccyx (1)
Forearm
- 4 classified bones (1 radius and 1 ulna on each arm)
- Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
- Distal ends articulate with carpals
- Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
- Interconnected by a ligament (the interosseous membrane)
- In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
Ulna
2 classified bones
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus; elbow joint is hinge joint
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement
Parts of the Ulna
radioulnar joints
olecranon process
coronoid process
radial notch
trochlear notch
radius
2 classified bones
Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum
Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it
Parts of the radius
radioulnar joints
ulnar notch
Hand
comprised of three types of bones
Carpals – wrist (16 classified bones)
Metacarpals – palm (10 classified bones)
Phalanges – fingers (28 classified bones)
Carpals (wrist)
Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones
Composition of Carpals
- arranged in two irregular rows
- Proximal row from lateral to medial (Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform)
- Distal row from lateral to medial (Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate)
Remember: Some Ladies Try Peppers that they can’t have
Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home
Metacarpals
- palm of the hand
- 10 classified bones (5 on each hand)
- Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges
Phalanges
- Fingers and Digits
- 28 classified bones
- Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
- Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges (Proximal, middle, and distal)
Tibia and Fibula
4 classified bones
Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Interosseous membrane – connects the tibia and fibula
Tibia
more massive – medial bone of the leg
Receives weight of the body from the femur
Medial malleolus – forms the medial bulge of the ankle.
Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal.
Tibia articulates with femur at superior end (Forms the knee joint)
Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end (Forms the ankle joint)
Fibula
stick-like – lateral bone of the leg
Lateral malleolus – forms the lateral bulge of the ankle.
Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal.
Fibula does not really contribute to the knee joint; however, it helps to stabilize the ankle joint
Tarsal Bones
14 classified bones (7 each foot)
Talus – ankle bone
Calcaneus – heel bone
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Tarsals
Make up the posterior half of the foot
Each foot contains seven bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by the talus (ankle bone) and calcaneus (heel bone)
The Foot
Comprised of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
52 classified bones
Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground
What is Systemic Anatomy?
all the organs with related functions are studied together
What is the Hierarchy of Structural Organization?
An organization of living structures
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Histology
also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy
the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues
Cytology
a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
Pleural Cavity
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
Peritoneal Cavities
The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
lesser sac (omental bursa) and greater sac
What is Pathological Anatomy?
deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused by disease
What is Surface (topographical) Anatomy?
the study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs
Cell
the smallest living units in our bodies
Tissues
Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues
a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
Organ
an organ is a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
Forms most glands
Functions: Protection, Absorption, secretion, and ion transport, Filtration, Forms slippery surfaces
Classifications of Epothelia
First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers: simple or stratified
Last name of tissue describes shape of cells: squamosal, cudoidal, colmnar
Simple (epithelia)
one layer of cells
first name
Stratified (Epithelia)
more than one layer of cells
first name
Squamous (Epithelia)
cells wider than tall (plate-like)
last name
Cuboidal (Epithelia)
cells are wide as tall, like cubes
last name
Columnar (Epithelia)
cells are taller than they are wide, like columns
last name
glycosomes
store sugar in the form of glycogen (liver and muscle tissue)
Holocrine Secretion
entire cell breaks up to form the product
Sebum
an oily substance
Simple alveolar glands
Collects dirt; softens and lubricates hair and skin; keeps hair from becoming brittle and skin from cracking; helps to slow water loss across the skin; kills bacteria
Long bones
longer than wide – a shaft plus ends
(humerus)
Short bones
roughly cube-shaped
(trapezoid in the hand)
Flat bones
thin and flattened, usually curved
(sternum)
Irregular bones
various shapes, do not fit into
other categories
(vertebrae)
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton – 126 Classified Bones
Upper extremities and pectoral girdle – 64 classified bones
Lower extremities and pelvic girdle – 62 classified bones
Facial Bones
Unpaired bones
Mandible (1)
Vomer (1)
Paired bones
Maxillary (2)
Zygomatics (2)
Nasals (2)
Lacrimals (2)
Palatines (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Bones of the cranium
formed from eight large bones
Temporal bones (2)
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bone (1)
Occipital bone (1)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)
Ear ossicles
bones of the ear
- malleus, incus, stapes
Sella turcica
saddle-shaped prominence on the superior surface of the body of sphenoid bone; seat of the saddle is called the hypophyseal fossa (holds the pituitary gland).
sagittal suture
occurs where right and left parietal
bones meet superiorly
Lambdoid suture
occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
Squamous suture
occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
Coronal Suture
runs in the coronal plane
Located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone
Occipital Condyles
distinctive bony structure linking the skull and the vertebral column
Mandibular Fossa
the cavity in the temporal bone that enables interaction with the mandibular condyle.
Ramus
two vertical processes located on either side of the body of mandible; they join the body at the angle of the mandible
Mastoid Process
a smooth conical projection of bone located at the base of the mastoid area of the temporal bone.
Foramen Magnum
a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord
Vomer Bone
a small, thin, plow-shaped, midline bone that occupies and divides the nasal cavity
Typical Vertebrae
C3-C7
They include
Body
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina; extend horizontally from the body
Vertebral Foramen – spinal cord passes through posterior to the body of the vertebra
Spinous Process – extends posterior to the vertebral foramen
How many aveolar processes are in the mandible
two alveolar processes — the alveolar process of maxilla is on the top part of the mouth, just under the maxillary sinus, and the alveolar process of mandible is on the lower part of the mouth, just above the jawbone.
Articulation of clavicle
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with the scapula
Articulation of Humerus
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
Interosseous Membrane
a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones forming a type of syndesmosis joint
between the radius and ulna & fibula and tibia
Parts of Humerus
Head – is located on the proximal end of the humerus and fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Condyles – are located on the distal end of the humerus
**Trochlea – medial condyle that articulates with the ulna
**Capitulum – lateral condyle that articulates with the radius
Olecranon Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
Coxal Bones (Os Coxa)
Hip Bones
2 classified bones
Consist of three separate bones in childhood
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
Acetabulum – deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface
Illium
region of hip bones
Large, flaring bone
Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Site of attachment for many muscles
Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint
Ischium
region of hip bones
Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
Anteriorly – joins the pubis
Ischial tuberosities – the strongest part of the hip bone; bear most of our weight when we are sitting
pubis
region of hip bones
Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
Lies horizontally in anatomical position
Pubic symphysis: The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline
Obturator foramen – a large hole between the pubis and ischeum (literally translates – the closed up opening)
Metatarsals
10 classified bones
Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
Numbered 1–5 beginning with the*** hallux (great toe)
First metatarsal supports body weight
Red Bone Marrow
- Where hematopoiesis occurs
- Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
found in the center of most bones
Acetabulum
a deep cup that holds the head of the femur ( in os coxa)
