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Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science > Anatomy First Quarter Study Guide (Final) > Flashcards

Anatomy First Quarter Study Guide (Final) Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of body function

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3
Q

Superior (cranial/rostral)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above

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4
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure/body; below

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5
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

toward or at the front of the body ; in front of

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6
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

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7
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

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8
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

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9
Q

Proximal

A

toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone) (close to origin)

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10
Q

Distal

A

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm)(far from origin)

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11
Q

Median (mid-sagittal) plane

A

Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

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12
Q

Transverse Plane

A

runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts

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13
Q

What is the Dorsal Cavity comprised of?

A

The cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) cavity

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14
Q

What is the ventral cavity? What is it comprised of?

A

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities

The ventral cavity has two main divisions: 1) Thoracic cavity and the 2) Abdominopelvic cavity

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15
Q

What is the Thoracic Cavity?

A

the right and left pleural cavity (cavities that contain the lungs) and the Mediastinum (a membranous partition between two body cavities)

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16
Q

What is the Abdominopelvic cavity? What is it comprised of?

A

divided into two parts, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity - contains the liver stomach kidney and other organs.
Pelvic Cavity- contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

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17
Q

What are Serous Membranes? And name them

A

line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where theysecrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements

Pleura Membrane (lung)
Pericardium Membrane (heart)
Peritoneum Membrane (Abdominopelvic viscera)
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18
Q

Epidermis

A
  • External Layer of the skin
  • stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  • Contains 4 main cell types: Kertainocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans cells
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19
Q

Dermis

A
  • Second major layer of the skin
  • Strong, flexible connective tissue; cells associated with any connective tissue proper
  • Binds the entire body together like a stocking
  • Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
  • Has two layers: Papillary Layer, Reticular Layer
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20
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Cell type of the Epidermis
  • most abundant
  • Arise from deepest layer of epidermis
  • Produce keratin – a tough fibrous protein
  • Produce antibiotics and enzymes
  • Keratinocytes are dead at skin’s surface
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21
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Cell type of the Epidermis
  • produce melanin; a dark skin pigment.
  • found in the basal layer of the epidermis
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22
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • Cell type of the Epidermis
  • associated with a sensory nerve ending and may serve as a receptor for touch.
  • found in the basal layer of the epidermis
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23
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Cell type of the Epidermis
  • part of the immune system; use endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens) that have invaded the epidermis.
  • Contains star-shaped Langerhans cells
  • Found in the spiny layer
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24
Q

Melanin

A
  • skin color pigment
  • most important pigment; ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to black
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25
Q

Compact bone

A

dense outer layer of bone

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26
Q

Spongy (cancellous; trabecular) bone

A

internal network of bone

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27
Q

Diaphysis

A

Part of a long bone;“shaft” of a bone

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28
Q

Epiphysis

A

Part of a long bone; ends of a bone

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29
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Part of a long bone; hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone; filled with yellow marrow

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30
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane of a long bone; the fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces

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31
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane of a long bone; membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone and other inner bone surfaces

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32
Q

Osteon or Haversian System

A

microscopic bone unit of compact bone, consisting of Haversian canals and the surrounding lamellae;
long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compressive forces.

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33
Q

What is the functionality of the Osteon?

A

osteons can be viewed as miniature
weight-bearing pillars

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34
Q

What is the structural function of the Osteon?

A

an osteon is a group of concentric tubes
resembling the rings of a tree trunk

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35
Q

Lamella (lamellae)

A

a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction; the fibers and crystals of adjacent lamellae always run in roughly opposite directions

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36
Q

Central Canal (Haversian Canal)

A

runs through the core of each osteon; is lined by endosteum; contains blood vessels which provide nutrients to the bone cells, and nerve fibers

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37
Q

What is the chemical composition of bone?

A
  • 35% organic compounds: cells, fibers, and organic substances, collagen
  • 65% inorganic mineral salts: primarily calcium phosphate
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38
Q

what is Calcium phosphate’s function in bones?

A

-mineral salts are present in tiny crystals that lie in and around the collagen fibrils
- Resists compression; provides bone with its hardness

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39
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 1 bone
  • inferior to lumbar vertebrae and superior to the coccyx
  • Laterally articulates with the iliac region of the hip bones to form the sacroiliac joint.
  • Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis
  • Formed from 5 fused vertebrae
  • Superior surface articulates with L5
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40
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 1 bone
  • most inferior region of the vertebral column
  • Is the “tailbone”
  • Formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae
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41
Q

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

A

C3-C7

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42
Q

Atlas

A
  • Another name for the C1 vertebrae
  • Lacks a body and spinous process
  • Supports/ hold weight of the skull
  • Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
  • Allows flexion and extension of neck (to nod yes)
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43
Q

Axis

A
  • Has a body and spinous process
  • Has a Dens (odontoid process)
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44
Q

Dens (odontoid process)

A
  • Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis
  • Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull
  • Participates in rotating the head from side to side (to say “no”)
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45
Q

Parts of the Sternum

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
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46
Q

Manubrium

A
  • Superior section of the Sternum
  • Articulates with medial end of clavicles
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47
Q

Body of the Sternum

A
  • bulk of sternum
  • Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
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48
Q

Xiphoid Process

A
  • Inferior end of sternum
  • Ossifies around age 40
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49
Q

True Ribs

A
  • superior seven pairs of ribs
  • Attach to sternum by costal cartilage
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50
Q

False Ribs

A

– inferior five pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to the sternum (8-10) or do not attach at all to the sternum (11-12)

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51
Q

Floating Ribs

A
  • Ribs 11-12
  • called “floating ribs” because they are not connected to the sternum; sag at the back of the body
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52
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • Formed from 26 bones in the adult
  • Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs
  • Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
  • Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back
  • Held in place by ligaments
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53
Q

Sections of the Vertebral Column

A

Cervical Vertebrae (7) Concave
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Convex
Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Concave
Sacrum (1) Convex
Coccyx (1)

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54
Q

Features of Cervical Vertebrae (Typical Vertebra)

A
  • Body
  • Transverse Processes
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Spinous Process
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55
Q

Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands

A
  • Appendage of the skin
  • widely distributed throughout the body
  • Sweating prevents overheating of the body, because sweat cools the skin as it evaporates, filtrates blood
  • Has two types: eccrine gland, apocrine gland
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56
Q

Enzymes

A

direct chemical reactions in cells

57
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell
  • two types: Anabolic reactions & Catabolic reactions
58
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • defines the extent of the cell
  • has a phospholipid bilayer
  • Provides barrier against substances outside the cell
  • Some plasma membranes act as receptors
  • Determines which substances enter or leave the cell (semipermeable)
59
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • mechanism by which particles enter cells
  • Two types: Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
60
Q

Exocytosis

A

mechanism that moves substances out of the cell; secretory cells will use this process

61
Q

Ribosomes

A

constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

62
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • a stack of three to ten disk-shaped envelopes
  • Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to the proper destination
  • Often referred to as the “post office” of the cell
63
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • generate most of the cell’s energy (ATP); most complex organelle
  • Often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
  • Energy is stored in chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to produce ATP (energy for the cell)
    (ATP stands for adenosinetriphosphate)
64
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes
  • Digest unwanted substances
65
Q

nucleus

A
  • control center of cell
  • DNA directs the cell’s activities
  • Nucleus is approximate 5µm in diameter
  • Genetic information of the cell
  • Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane also called a nuclear envelope
66
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Formed from 80 named bones
    Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
67
Q

sutures of the cranium

A

coronal suture
squamous suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture

68
Q

Features of Occipital Bone

A

Occipital condyles: enables us to nod our head “yes”
External occipital protuberance: external surface of the occipital bone is a knob in the midline

69
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • Lies inferior to the mandible
  • The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
  • Acts as a movable base for the tongue
70
Q

Sections of the Vertebral Column

A

Cervical Vertebrae (7) Concave
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Convex
Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Concave
Sacrum (1) Convex
Coccyx (1)

71
Q

Forearm

A
  • 4 classified bones (1 radius and 1 ulna on each arm)
  • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
  • Distal ends articulate with carpals
  • Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
  • Interconnected by a ligament (the interosseous membrane)
  • In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
72
Q

Ulna

A

2 classified bones
Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus; elbow joint is hinge joint
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement

73
Q

Parts of the Ulna

A

radioulnar joints
olecranon process
coronoid process
radial notch
trochlear notch

74
Q

radius

A

2 classified bones
Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum
Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it

75
Q

Parts of the radius

A

radioulnar joints
ulnar notch

76
Q

Hand

A

comprised of three types of bones
Carpals – wrist (16 classified bones)
Metacarpals – palm (10 classified bones)
Phalanges – fingers (28 classified bones)

77
Q

Carpals (wrist)

A

Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones

78
Q

Composition of Carpals

A
  • arranged in two irregular rows
  • Proximal row from lateral to medial (Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform)
  • Distal row from lateral to medial (Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate)
    Remember: Some Ladies Try Peppers that they can’t have
    Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home
79
Q

Metacarpals

A
  • palm of the hand
  • 10 classified bones (5 on each hand)
  • Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
    Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
    Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
    Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges
80
Q

Phalanges

A
  • Fingers and Digits
  • 28 classified bones
  • Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
  • Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges (Proximal, middle, and distal)
81
Q

Tibia and Fibula

A

4 classified bones
Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Interosseous membrane – connects the tibia and fibula

82
Q

Tibia

A

more massive – medial bone of the leg
Receives weight of the body from the femur
Medial malleolus – forms the medial bulge of the ankle.
Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal.
Tibia articulates with femur at superior end (Forms the knee joint)
Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end (Forms the ankle joint)

83
Q

Fibula

A

stick-like – lateral bone of the leg
Lateral malleolus – forms the lateral bulge of the ankle.
Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal.
Fibula does not really contribute to the knee joint; however, it helps to stabilize the ankle joint

84
Q

Tarsal Bones

A

14 classified bones (7 each foot)
Talus – ankle bone
Calcaneus – heel bone
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform

85
Q

Tarsals

A

Make up the posterior half of the foot
Each foot contains seven bones called tarsals
Body weight is primarily borne by the talus (ankle bone) and calcaneus (heel bone)

86
Q

The Foot

A

Comprised of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
52 classified bones
Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground

87
Q

What is Systemic Anatomy?

A

all the organs with related functions are studied together

88
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Structural Organization?

A

An organization of living structures
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

89
Q

Histology

A

also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy
the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues

90
Q

Cytology

A

a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

91
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

92
Q

Peritoneal Cavities

A

The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
lesser sac (omental bursa) and greater sac

93
Q

What is Pathological Anatomy?

A

deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused by disease

94
Q

What is Surface (topographical) Anatomy?

A

the study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs

95
Q

Cell

A

the smallest living units in our bodies

96
Q

Tissues

A

Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

97
Q

Organ

A

an organ is a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

98
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
Forms most glands
Functions: Protection, Absorption, secretion, and ion transport, Filtration, Forms slippery surfaces

99
Q

Classifications of Epothelia

A

First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers: simple or stratified
Last name of tissue describes shape of cells: squamosal, cudoidal, colmnar

100
Q

Simple (epithelia)

A

one layer of cells
first name

101
Q

Stratified (Epithelia)

A

more than one layer of cells
first name

102
Q

Squamous (Epithelia)

A

cells wider than tall (plate-like)
last name

103
Q

Cuboidal (Epithelia)

A

cells are wide as tall, like cubes
last name

104
Q

Columnar (Epithelia)

A

cells are taller than they are wide, like columns
last name

105
Q

glycosomes

A

store sugar in the form of glycogen (liver and muscle tissue)

106
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

entire cell breaks up to form the product

107
Q

Sebum

A

an oily substance
Simple alveolar glands
Collects dirt; softens and lubricates hair and skin; keeps hair from becoming brittle and skin from cracking; helps to slow water loss across the skin; kills bacteria

108
Q

Long bones

A

longer than wide – a shaft plus ends
(humerus)

109
Q

Short bones

A

roughly cube-shaped
(trapezoid in the hand)

110
Q

Flat bones

A

thin and flattened, usually curved
(sternum)

111
Q

Irregular bones

A

various shapes, do not fit into
other categories
(vertebrae)

112
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Appendicular Skeleton – 126 Classified Bones
Upper extremities and pectoral girdle – 64 classified bones
Lower extremities and pelvic girdle – 62 classified bones

113
Q

Facial Bones

A

Unpaired bones
Mandible (1)
Vomer (1)
Paired bones
Maxillary (2)
Zygomatics (2)
Nasals (2)
Lacrimals (2)
Palatines (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)

114
Q

Bones of the cranium

A

formed from eight large bones
Temporal bones (2)
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bone (1)
Occipital bone (1)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)

115
Q

Ear ossicles

A

bones of the ear
- malleus, incus, stapes

116
Q

Sella turcica

A

saddle-shaped prominence on the superior surface of the body of sphenoid bone; seat of the saddle is called the hypophyseal fossa (holds the pituitary gland).

117
Q

sagittal suture

A

occurs where right and left parietal
bones meet superiorly

118
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

119
Q

Squamous suture

A

occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly

120
Q

Coronal Suture

A

runs in the coronal plane
Located where parietal bones meet the frontal bone

121
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

distinctive bony structure linking the skull and the vertebral column

122
Q

Mandibular Fossa

A

the cavity in the temporal bone that enables interaction with the mandibular condyle.

123
Q

Ramus

A

two vertical processes located on either side of the body of mandible; they join the body at the angle of the mandible

124
Q

Mastoid Process

A

a smooth conical projection of bone located at the base of the mastoid area of the temporal bone.

125
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord

126
Q

Vomer Bone

A

a small, thin, plow-shaped, midline bone that occupies and divides the nasal cavity

127
Q

Typical Vertebrae

A

C3-C7
They include
Body
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina; extend horizontally from the body
Vertebral Foramen – spinal cord passes through posterior to the body of the vertebra
Spinous Process – extends posterior to the vertebral foramen

128
Q

How many aveolar processes are in the mandible

A

two alveolar processes — the alveolar process of maxilla is on the top part of the mouth, just under the maxillary sinus, and the alveolar process of mandible is on the lower part of the mouth, just above the jawbone.

129
Q

Articulation of clavicle

A

Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with the scapula

130
Q

Articulation of Humerus

A

Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

131
Q

Interosseous Membrane

A

a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones forming a type of syndesmosis joint
between the radius and ulna & fibula and tibia

132
Q

Parts of Humerus

A

Head – is located on the proximal end of the humerus and fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Condyles – are located on the distal end of the humerus
**Trochlea – medial condyle that articulates with the ulna
**Capitulum – lateral condyle that articulates with the radius
Olecranon Fossa
Coronoid Fossa

133
Q

Coxal Bones (Os Coxa)

A

Hip Bones
2 classified bones
Consist of three separate bones in childhood
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones
Acetabulum – deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface

134
Q

Illium

A

region of hip bones
Large, flaring bone
Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Site of attachment for many muscles
Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

135
Q

Ischium

A

region of hip bones
Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
Anteriorly – joins the pubis
Ischial tuberosities – the strongest part of the hip bone; bear most of our weight when we are sitting

136
Q

pubis

A

region of hip bones
Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
Lies horizontally in anatomical position
Pubic symphysis: The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline
Obturator foramen – a large hole between the pubis and ischeum (literally translates – the closed up opening)

137
Q

Metatarsals

A

10 classified bones
Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals
Numbered 1–5 beginning with the*** hallux (great toe)
First metatarsal supports body weight

138
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A
  • Where hematopoiesis occurs
  • Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
    found in the center of most bones
139
Q

Acetabulum

A

a deep cup that holds the head of the femur ( in os coxa)

Anatomy and Physiology for Mortuary Science (31 decks)

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