Appendicular Bones (Q1,P8)

Question 1

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 1

126 classified bones
2 parts:
Upper extremities and pectoral girdle – 64 classified bones
Lower extremities and pelvic girdle – 62 classified bones

Question 2

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 2

attaches the upper limbs to the trunk

Question 3

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 3

girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk

Question 4

What is important to note about the upper and lower limbs?

Answer 4

Upper and lower limbs differ in function but share the same structural plan

Question 5

What does the pectoral girdle include?

Answer 5

• 4 classified bones
• Consists of the clavicles (collar bones) and the scapulae (shoulder blades)
• Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely
  Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib
  Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae

Question 6

Function of the Pectoral Girdle

Answer 6

• Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
• Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
• good for flexibility, but bad for stability

Question 7

Clavicles (collar bones)

Answer 7

2 classified bones
Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
Acromial end articulates with the scapula

Question 8

Function of Clavicles

Answer 8

• Provide attachment for muscles
• Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
• Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton (pushups)

Question 9

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

Answer 9

• 2 classified bones
• Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
• Located between ribs 2-7
• Have three borders: Superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)
• Have three angles: Lateral, superior, and inferior

Question 10

Glenoid Cavity

Answer 10

• part of scapulae
• forms the shoulder joint (ball-and-socket joint) with head of humerus

Question 11

Acromion

Answer 11

• part of scapulae
• is a process that articulates with acromial end of the clavicle

Question 12

Upper Limbs

Answer 12

60 classified bones (30 bones for each upper limb)
3 groups: arm bones, forearm bones, and hand bones

Question 13

Humerus

Answer 13

• Arm Bone: upper limb above the elbow
• 2 classified bones (1 for each arm)
• Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
• Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
• Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
• Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

Question 14

Parts of Humerus

Answer 14

Head – is located on the proximal end of the humerus and fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Condyles – are located on the distal end of the humerus
**Trochlea – medial condyle that articulates with the ulna
**Capitulum – lateral condyle that articulates with the radius
Olecranon Fossa
Coronoid Fossa

Question 15

Olecranon fossa

Answer 15

located directly superior to the the trochlea on the posterior surface of the humerus; the fossa receives the olecranon process of the ulna (when the forearm is fully extended).

Question 16

Coronoid fossa

Answer 16

located directly superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface of the humerus; the fossa receives the coronoid process of the ulna (when the forearm is flexed).

Question 17

Forearm

Answer 17

• 4 classified bones (1 radius and 1 ulna on each arm)
• Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
• Distal ends articulate with carpals
• Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• Interconnected by a ligament (the interosseous membrane)
• In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

Question 18

Ulna

Answer 18

2 classified bones
forms elbow joint with the humerus; elbow joint is hinge joint
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement

Question 19

Parts of the Ulna

Answer 19

radioulnar joints
olecranon process
coronoid process
radial notch
trochlear notch

Question 20

Radius

Answer 20

2 classified bones
Superior surface of the head of the radius meets with the capitulum
Medially – the head of the radius meets radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Bottom part radius meets with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it

Question 21

Parts of the Radius

Answer 21

radioulnar joints
ulnar notch

Question 22

Hand

Answer 22

comprised of three types of bones
Carpals – wrist (16 classified bones)
Metacarpals – palm (10 classified bones)
Phalanges – fingers (28 classified bones)

Question 23

Carpals (wrist)

Answer 23

Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones

Question 24

Composition of Carpals

Answer 24

• arranged in two irregular rows
• Proximal row from lateral to medial (Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform)
• Distal row from lateral to medial (Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate)
  Remember: Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home

Question 25

Metacarpals

Answer 25

- palm of the hand - 10 classified bones (5 on each hand) - Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist Numbered 1–5, beginning with the ***pollex (thumb) Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges

Question 26

Phalanges

Answer 26

- Fingers and Digits - 28 classified bones - Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) - Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges (Proximal, middle, and distal)

Question 27

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 27

Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral organs Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments ***Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur

Question 28

Composition of Pelvic Girdle

Answer 28

Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other Articulate posteriorly with the sacrum

Question 29

Coxal Bones (Os Coxa)

Answer 29

Hip Bones 2 classified bones Consist of three separate bones in childhood Ilium, ischium, and pubis Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones Acetabulum – deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface

Question 30

Regions of Hip Bones

Answer 30

Illium Ischium Pubis

Question 31

Illium

Answer 31

region of hip bones Large, flaring bone Forms the superior region of the coxal bone Site of attachment for many muscles Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint

Question 32

Ischium

Answer 32

region of hip bones Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone Anteriorly – joins the pubis Ischial tuberosities – the strongest part of the hip bone; bear most of our weight when we are sitting

Question 33

Pubis

Answer 33

region of hip bones Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone Lies horizontally in anatomical position Pubic symphysis: The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline Obturator foramen – a large hole between the pubis and ischeum (literally translates – the closed up opening)

Question 34

Lower Limbs

Answer 34

60 classified bones Carries the entire weight of the erect body Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb Divided into four segments: Thigh, knee, leg, and foot

Question 35

Femur

Answer 35

- Thigh Bone: the single bone of the thigh - 2 classified bones (one for each leg) - The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee - Longest and strongest bone of the body.

Question 36

Patella

Answer 36

2 classified bones Triangular sesamoid bone – short bone Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles Protects the knee anteriorly

Question 37

Tibia and Fibula

Answer 37

4 classified bones region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle Interosseous membrane – connects the tibia and fibula

Question 38

Tibia

Answer 38

more massive – medial bone of the leg Receives weight of the body from the femur Medial malleolus – forms the medial bulge of the ankle. Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal. Tibia and femur at superior end (Forms the knee joint) Tibia and talus inferior (Forms the ankle joint)

Question 39

Fibula

Answer 39

stick-like – lateral bone of the leg Lateral malleolus – forms the lateral bulge of the ankle. Tibiofibular joints – proximal and distal. Fibula does not really contribute to the knee joint; however, it helps to stabilize the ankle joint

Question 40

Metatarsals

Answer 40

10 classified bones Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals Numbered 1–5 beginning with the*** hallux (great toe) First metatarsal supports body weight

Question 41

Phalanges of the Toes

Answer 41

28 classified bones 14 phalanges of the toes Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers Except for the great toe (just a proximal and distal), each toe has three phalanges (Proximal, middle, and distal)

Question 42

Composition of Tarsals

Answer 42

14 classified bones (7 each foot) ***Talus – ankle bone ***Calcaneus – heel bone Cuboid Navicular Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform

Question 43

Tarsals

Answer 43

Make up the posterior half of the foot Each foot contains seven bones called tarsals Body weight is primarily borne by the talus (ankle bone) and calcaneus (heel bone)

Question 44

The Foot

Answer 44

Comprised of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges 52 classified bones Supports body weight Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground

Question 45

Interosseous Membrane

Answer 45

a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones forming a type of syndesmosis joint. In the upper limb, the interosseous membrane is between the radius and ulna.