Fourth Quarter Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
the study of the structure of the human body
2
Q
What is Gross Anatomy?
A
deals with the structure of organs and tissues seen with the naked eye
3
Q
Superior (cranial/rostral)
A
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above
4
Q
Medial
A
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
5
Q
Mitochondria
A
- generate most of the cell’s energy (ATP); most complex organelle
- Often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
- Energy is stored in chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to produce ATP (energy for the cell)
(ATP stands for adenosinetriphosphate)
6
Q
Lysosomes
A
- membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes
- Digest unwanted substances
7
Q
Nucleus
A
- control center of cell
- DNA directs the cell’s activities
- Nucleus is approximate 5µm in diameter
- Genetic information of the cell
- Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane also called a nuclear envelope
8
Q
Diaphysis
A
- shaft/middle section of a bone
(Part of a long bone)
9
Q
Epiphysis
A
ends of a bone
(Part of a long bone)
10
Q
How many bones are there in the entire body?
A
206 Bones
11
Q
How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?
A
80 Bones
- the axial skeleton is the bones that compose the central core of the body
- Includes: skull (cranial and facial bones), neck, back (vertebrae), and ribcage
12
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
- 5 bones
- vertebrae of the lower back
13
Q
True Ribs
A
- superior seven pairs of ribs
- Attach to sternum by costal cartilage
14
Q
False Ribs
A
- inferior five pairs of ribs
- attach indirectly to the sternum (8-10) or do not attach at all to the sternum (11-12)
15
Q
Floating Ribs
A
- Ribs 11-12
- called “floating ribs” because they are not connected to the sternum; sag at the back of the body
16
Q
Mandible
A
- The lower jawbone
- is the largest and strongest facial bone
- Has three parts: Horizontal body, two upright rami (ramuses), mandibular angle
17
Q
Other Parts of the Mandible
A
- Alveolar process/margin: tooth sockets
- Mental protuberance: tip of the chin
18
Q
Maxilla
A
- Articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
- Contain maxillary sinuses: largest paranasal sinuses
19
Q
Part of the Maxilla
A
- Alveolar Processes: inferior margin of the maxillary bones; the tooth sockets, called alveoli, open into this margin
- Palatine Processes: projects medially from the alveolar process to form the anterior region of the hard palate
20
Q
Zygomatic Bones
A
form lateral wall of orbits
21
Q
Nasal Bones
A
2 bones that form the bridge of the nose
22
Q
Lacrimal Bones
A
located in the medial orbital walls
23
Q
Palatine Bones
A
complete the posterior part of the hard palate
24
Q
Vomer
A
forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
25
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Thin, curved bones that project medially to form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
26
Paranasal Sinuses
- Air-filled sinuses are located within
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Maxillary bones
- Lined with mucous membrane
- Serve to lighten the skull
27
Nasal Cavity
space inside the nose
28
Orbits
bony structures of the skull that house the globe, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lacrimal apparatus, and adipose tissue.
29
Parts of the Sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
30
Manubrium
- Superior section of the Sternum
- Articulates with medial end of clavicles
31
Body of the Sternum
- bulk of sternum
- Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
32
Xiphoid Process
- Inferior end of sternum
- Ossifies around age 40
33
Humerus
- Arm Bone: upper limb above the elbow
- 2 classified bones (1 for each arm)
- Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
- Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
- Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
34
Forearm
- 4 classified bones (1 radius and 1 ulna on each arm)
- Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
- Distal ends articulate with carpals
- Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
- Interconnected by a ligament (the interosseous membrane)
- In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
35
Ulna
2 classified bones
forms elbow joint with the humerus; elbow joint is hinge joint
Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement
36
Parts of the Ulna
radioulnar joints
olecranon process
coronoid process
radial notch
trochlear notch
37
Radius
2 classified bones
Superior surface of the head of the radius meets with the capitulum
Medially – the head of the radius meets radial notch of the ulna
Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
Bottom part radius meets with carpal bones
When radius moves, the hand moves with it
38
Parts of the Radius
radioulnar joints
ulnar notch
39
Hand
comprised of three types of bones
Carpals – wrist (16 classified bones)
Metacarpals – palm (10 classified bones)
Phalanges – fingers (28 classified bones)
40
Carpals (wrist)
Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the hand
Gliding movements occur between carpals
Composed of eight marble-sized bones
41
Composition of Carpals
- arranged in two irregular rows
- Proximal row from lateral to medial (Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform)
- Distal row from lateral to medial (Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate)
Remember: Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home
42
Metacarpals
- palm of the hand
- 10 classified bones (5 on each hand)
- Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
Numbered 1–5, beginning with the ***pollex (thumb)
Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals
Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges
43
Phalanges
- Fingers and Digits
- 28 classified bones (14 each hand)
- Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb)
- Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges (Proximal, middle, and distal)
44
Femur
- Thigh Bone: the single bone of the thigh
- 2 classified bones (one for each leg)
- The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
- Longest and strongest bone of the body.
45
Ethmoid Bone
- Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones
- Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits
46
Cribriform Plate
- the superior surface of the ethmoid bone is formed by paired, horizontal cribriform plates that contribute to the roof of the nasal cavity and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
- tiny filaments of Cranial Nerve I, the olfactory nerve, pass through these small openings.
47
Superior and Middle Nasal Concha
- part of the ethmoid bone
- extend medially from the the lateral masses and and protrude into the nasal cavity.
48
Crista Galli
- part of ethmoid bone
- found between the two cribriform plates, in the midline, is a superior projection called the crista galli
- (helps to secure the brain within the cranial cavity)
49
Perpendicular Plate
- part of ethmoid bone
- projects inferiorly in the median plane; it forms the superior part of the nasal septum
50
Ethmoid Sinuses
part of the paranasal sinuses
51
The Atlas
- Another name for the C1 vertebrae
- Lacks a body and spinous process
- Supports/ hold weight of the skull
- Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
- Allows flexion and extension of neck (to nod yes)
52
The Axis
- Another name for the C2 Vertebra
- Has a body and spinous process
- Has a Dens (odontoid process)
53
Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joint
All are diarthroses
Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
Synovial joints are Richly supplied with sensory nerves that Detect pain
lubricating devices
Are subjected to compressive forces
Friction could overheat and destroy joint tissue
Have a rich blood supply
54
Abduction (A.B duction)
moving a limb away from the body midline
55
Adduction (A.D duction)
moving a limb toward the body midline
56
Organ
an organ is a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
57
Pleural Cavity
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
58
Origin
The unmoving end of the muscle that is attached to another structure
59
Insertion
The muscle attachment that is moved when the muscle is activated
60
Action
The function of a particular muscle/what the muscle does
61
Lavator Anguli Oris
- Origin: maxilla
- Insertion: Skin/muscle at corner of the mouth
- Action: Raises angle of the mouth
**Also called: Snarling muscle**
Found deep to the Quadratus labii superioris
62
Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (frontalis)
Definition: belly at the anterior of the cranium
Origin: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: skin of. Eyebrows and root of nose
Action: draws superior and wrinkles forword
**Nickname: surprise muscle**
63
Temporalis
Definition: located on the temples
Origin: temporal fossa
Insertion: Coronoid process (mandible)
Action: closes the jaw (muscle of mastication)
**also called: strongest chewing muscle**
64
Corrugator
Origin: superciliary arch of frontal bone
Insertion: skin of eyebrow
Action: draws eyebrows inferiorly and wrinkles skin over glabella
**Nickname: frowning muscle; means cardboard, wrinkly**
(forms interciliary sulci)
65
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone
Insertion: angle and Ramos of mandible
Action: closes the jaw
**Nickname: chewing muscle** (masticate=chew)
66
Risorius
Origin: deep fascia of cheek
Insertion: skin at the corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth Laterally
Nickname: false smile
67
Orbicularis oris
Origin: mandible, maxilla, and adjacent muscles to mouth
Insertion: skin and muscles of lips
Action: compresses and proteudes lips and closes mouth
Nickname: puckering muscle
68
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin of lower lip
Action: draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
(Quadratus labii inferioris- means four sides)
69
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin and muscles at corner of the mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth inferiorly
(Triangularis)
70
Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Definition; lifter of top lip, located on the sides of the face
Origin: upper rontal process of maxilla
Insertion: skin of lateral nostril wing and the upper lip
Action: raises upper lip and dilates the nostrils
Also called: common elevator
71
Lavator labii superioris
Origin: zygomatic bone and infraorbital margin maxilla bones
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: lifts upper lip and exposes maxillary (upper) teeth
also known as: intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris
72
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: lateral area of zygomatic bone.
Insertion: muscle and skin of upper lip
Action: draws lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally
Nickname: laughing muscle (remember “major laughs”)
73
Zygomaticus Minor
Origin: zygomatic bone
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: draws upper lip superiorly and laterally
Nickname: smiling muscle
74
Buccinator
Origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible
Insertion: lateral corner of Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
Action: compresses neck
Nickname: bugler’s muscle/ trumpeter’s muscle
75
Platysma
Origin: clavicles and pectoralis (fascia of the chest; over pectora; muscles and deltoid)
Insertion: mandible, skin of corner of mouth, and cheeks
Action: depresses mandible and lower mouth; tenses skin of lower Face And anterior neck
(Plat=flat)
also called: shock and horror muscle
76
Pectoralis Major
- Origin:
1) Clavicular head -- anterior surface of medial half of clavicle
2) Sternocostal head -- anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages, and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
- Insertion: Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
- Action:Adducts and medially rotates humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Acting alone: clavicular head flexes humerus and sternocostal head extends it
77
External Intercostals
Origin: Inferior border of rib above
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Elevates the ribs in breathing
Muscles of inspiration
Run UP to DOWN
78
Internal Intercostals
Origin: Superior border of rib below
Insertion: Inferior border of rib abov
DOWN: rib below TO UP: rib above
Action: Depresses ribs in breathing
Muscles of expiration and decreases thoracic capacity
Deep to external intercostals
79
Diaphragm – Phrenic Muscle
Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Origin: Sternum, ribs, and vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon
Action: Increases chest capacity
80
Trapezius
Origin:Medial third of superior nuchal line; external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of C7 - T12 vertebrae
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
Action:Elevates, retracts and rotates scapula; superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and inferior fibers depress scapula; superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of scapula
81
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin:Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
Insertion:Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action:Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus; raises body toward arms during climbing; rowing motion of humerus
82
The 4 Abdominal Wall Muscles
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis
From outer to inner: external oblique, recurs abdominis, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
83
Rectus abdominus
Origin: Pubic crest and symphysis
Insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Action: Flexes trunk
Anteromedial abdominal muscle; six pack
84
External Obliques
Origin: By fleshy strips (short tendons) from outer surfaces of lower eight ribs
Insertion: Most fibers insert into linea alba via a broad aponeurois
Action: Compresses the abdomen
Most superficial of anterolateral abdominal muscles
85
Internal Obliques
Origin: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and lumbar fascia
Insertion: Linea alba
Action: Compresses the abdomen
Intermediate or middle depth for the anterolateral abdominal muscles
Deep to external obliques, internal and external striations go in different directions
86
Transversus abdominus
Origin: Inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last six ribs; iliac crest
Insertion: Linea alba; pubic crest
Action: Compresses the abdomen
Deepest anterolateral abdominal muscle
Anterolateral= (situated or occurring in front and to the side.)
87
Psoas Major
Origin: By fleshy strips from transverse processes, bodies, and discs of lumbar vertebrae and T12
Insertion: Medial femur; lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
Action: Flexes the thigh
Considered a Posterior abdominal muscle
thick, long muscle
88
The Diencephalon – The Thalamus
**Is the “gateway” to the cerebral cortex**
Nuclei organize and amplify or tone down signals
- Makes up 80% of the diencephalon
- Contains approximately a dozen major nuclei
- Afferent impulses converge on the thalamus; all info from perifial system goes through the thalamus; discriminates against important and unimportant symbols
89
Number of Cranial Nerves
12 paired nerves
90
Number of Spinal Nerves
31 paired nerves
91
Number of Cerebral Lobes
4 Lobes
92
Protection of the Brain – Meninges
- Cover and protect the CNS
- Enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS
- Contain the cerebrospinal fluid
- Three Layers: Dura mater,Arachnoid mater,Pia mater
93
The Dura Mater
- Strongest of the meninges
- Composed of two layers: 1)Periosteal layer 2) Meningeal layer
- Two layers are fused except to enclose the dural sinuses
94
The Arachnoid Mater
- a type of Meninges
- Located beneath the dura mater
- Subdural space; Potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF; Contains the blood vessels that supply the brain
95
The Pia Mater
- a type of Meninges
- Delicate connective tissue
- Clings tightly to the surface of the brain; Follows all convolutions of the cortex
96
The Cerebellum
Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
Smoothes and coordinates body movements
Helps maintain equilibrium
Maintains posture (sitting or standing)
97
Characteristics of Blood
- pH = 7.35 – 7.45
- Viscosity = 3.3 – 5.5
- Temperature = 100.4
98
Blood Plasma
- Straw-colored, sticky FLUID portion of blood
- Approximately 90% water
- Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
- Contain 3 main proteins: Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
99
Albumin
- Type of blood plasma protein
- controls OSMOTIC PRESSURE of the circulatory system
100
Globulins
- Type of blood plasma protein
- transporting antibodies (immunoglobulins)
101
Fibrinogen
- Type of blood plasma protein
- blood clotting elements
102
What are Erythrocytes?
- Red Blood Cells
- anucleate, biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.
~ Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein
- Oxygen-transporting cells
- Most numerous of the formed elements
- Have no organelles or nuclei (anucleate): energy is generated via an anaerobic mechanism
103
Neutrophils
- Type of granulocyte leukocyte
- most numerous white blood cell
- Phagocytize and DESTROY bacteria
104
Anatomical Guide for the Femoral Artery
- located through the center of the femoral triangle (Scarpa’s triangle) bound laterally by the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle
105
Dural Sinuses
- a group of sinuses or blood channels that drains venous blood circulating from the cranial cavity
- Drain most of the blood of the brain
- most veins of the brain **drain into the intracranial dural sinuses**
- Empty into the internal jugular veins
106
Names of the Dural Sinuses
- Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
- Straight sinus
- Transverse sinuses
- Sigmoid sinus
107
What sinus turns into the Internal Jugular Vein?
s-shaped sigmoid sinuses drain/become the internal jugular veins
108
Where are the Dural Sinuses Located?
Are located between the layers of cranial dura mater:
Periosteal layer (dura mater outer layer)
Sinuses
Meningeal layer (dura mater inner layer)
109
Superficial Veins of the Upper Limbs
- larger than the deep veins
- Visible beneath the skin
- Many anastomoses
- 4 Veins: Cephalic vein, Basilic vein, Median cubital vein, Median antecubital vein of the forearm
110
Cephalic Vein
Runs from the back of the and, turns to the inner arm, and goes up to the shoulder and meets with the axillary vein
- starts at the lateral side of the dorsal venous network (backside of the hand), bends around the distal radius to enter the anterior forearm
- Then ascends through the anterolateral side of the entire limb and ends inferior to the clavicle, where it joins the axillary vein
111
Basilic Vein
- arises from the medial aspect of the hand’s dorsal venous network, then ascends along the posteromedial forearm and the anteromedial surface of the arm.
- In the axillary region, the basilic vein joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein.
112
Median Cubital Vein
- on the anterior aspect of the elbow joint, in the region called the **antecubital fossa**,the median cubital vein **connects the basilic and cephalic veins.**
- Often used for a blood draw or IV line
113
Median Vein of the Forearm
- ascends in the center of the forearm;
- its termination point at the elbow is highly variable.
114
Azygos System
- Drains intercostal spaces
- Empties into the superior vena cava
- Comprised of azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, and accessory hemiazygos vein.
115
Where does the blood from the intercostal spaces empty?
- Blood draining from the first few intercostal spaces empties into the brachiocephalic veins.
- Blood from the other intercostal spaces drains into a group of veins called the azygos system.
116
Azygos Vein
- Name means unpaired
- Ascends along the right or the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies.
- Receives all of the right posterior intercostal veins, plus the subcostal vein.
117
Where does the Azygos Vein empty?
At about the level of T4, the azygos arches over the great vessels that run into the root of the right lung and joins the superior vena cava.
118
Hemiazygos Vein
- Ascends on the left side of the vertebral column, corresponds to the inferior half of the azygos on the right.
- At about midthorax, the hemiazygos runs horizontally across the vertebrae and joins the azygos vein.
119
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein
Superior continuation of the hemiazygos.
Course along the right to join the azygos vein.
120
The Hepatic Portal System
- A specialized part of the vascular circuit
- Picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage. (Also picks up toxins)
- Series of vessels in which two separate capillary beds lie between the arterial supply and the final venous drainage
121
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
- Deep Veins: Share the name of the accompanying artery
- Superficial Veins: Saphenous Veins issue from the dorsal venous arch (frequent anastomoses)
122
Great Saphenous Vein
- empties into the femoral vein
- Longest vein in the body; ascends along the medial side to empty into the femoral vein just distal to the inguinal ligament.
123
External Respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and air at the lung alveoli.
124
Internal Respiration
gas exchange between the blood and the tissue cells.
125
Pharynx
- Throat: Funnel-shaped passageway
- Connects nasal cavity and mouth
- Divided into three locations: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- The type of mucosal lining varies along its length
126
Nasopharnyx
- Superior to the point where food enters (far back of nasal cavity)
- Only an air passageway
- Closed off during swallowing
- Home of the Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
- Located on posterior wall
- Destroys entering pathogens (part of immune system)
- Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
127
Oropharynx
- Arch-like entranceway – fauces:the arched opening at the back of the mouth leading to the pharynx.
- Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
(Epiglottis: is a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway.)
128
Laryngopharynx
- Passageway for both food and air
- Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
129
Apex of the Lungs
Superior tip of each lung
130
Base of the Lungs/ Diaphragmatic Surface
Inferior surface of the lungs
131
Mediastinal Surface of the Lungs
Medial surface of each lung
132
Hilus of the Lungs
Opening for nerves, bronchi, vascular
133
Cardiac Notch
Region for the heart
134
Left Lung
- Has 2 Lobes
- Oblique Fissure
135
Right Lung
- Has 3 Lobes
- Horizontal or Transverse Fissure located superiorly:
- Oblique Fissure located inferiorly
Fissures are structures that separate the lines of the lungs
136
Cardiac Sphincter
muscle that closes/opens the beginning of the stomach (cardiac orphis)
- sometimes called the lower esophageal sphincter
137
Stomach
- Site where chewed food (bolus) is churned into **chyme**
- Protein digestion begins in the stomach
- Secretes pepsin: functions under acidic conditions
(Pepsin: The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides)
138
Parts and Curvatures of the Stomach
- Fundus: a dome-shaped section at the top of the stomach
- Cardia: the first part of the stomach, which is connected to the esophagus
- Body
- Greater Curvature
- Lesser Curvature
- Pylorus: the opening from the stomach into the duodenum ( first part of the small intestine).
139
Small Intestine
- Longest portion of the alimentary canal (but more narrow than large intestine)
- Site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Three subdivisions: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (from proximal to distal)
140
Anatomy of the Large intestine
- Divisions: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
141
Liver
- Largest gland in the body
- Performs over 500 functions (many metabolic functions)
- Main digestive function: bile production (secretes bile)
142
Lobes of the Liver
- Right, left, caudate, and quadrate
- You can see the right and left lobe in the front
- In the back, the caudate lobe and quadrate lobe can be seen
- The caudate lobe is superior, between the right and left lobe, and the quadrate lobe is inferior
143
Loop of Henle
- Long U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney
- **helps concentrate filtrate**
144
Ureters
- Carry urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder
- oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine
145
Seminiferous Tubules
where sperm is produced
146
Uterine Tubes/ Fallopian Tubes
- site of fertilization of the egg (fertilized egg turns to zygote and moves to the uterus
147
Regions of the Uterus
- Body
- Fundus (dome part)
- Isthmus (narrow passageway)
- Cervix (sphincter connecting uterus to vagina)
148
Layers of the Uterine Wall
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
149
Perimetrium
Outer layer of the uterine wall
150
Myometrium
Middle and muscle layer of the uterine wall
151
Endometrium
- Inner layer of the uterine wall
- Where fertilized egg implants
152
Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
- called the “master gland” of the endocrine system
- Secretes nine major hormones
- Main hormone: growth hormone (HGH/ somatotropin)
- Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
153
Thyroid Gland
- largest pure endocrine gland
- Located in the anterior neck
- Produces two hormones: Thyroid hormone (TH), Calcitonin
154
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Hormone that controls metabolism
155
Pineal Gland
- Located on the roof of the diencephalon
- Shaped like a pinecone
- secretes melatonin
156
Pancreas
- Located in the posterior abdominal wall
- Heterocrine Gland: Contains both endocrine and exocrine cells
157
Exocrine Cells of the Pancreas
- Pancreatic cells that produce and transport chemicals that will exit the body through the digestive system.
- Secrete digestive enzymes
158
Endocrine Cells of the Pancreas
- Pancreatic cells that produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream.
- pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans): groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon.
- About one million islets are scattered throughout the pancreas
159
Male Hormone
Testosterone
160
Female Hormone
Estrogen
161
Peyer's Patches
- small masses of lymphatic tissues found all through the ileum area (last portion of the small intestine) of the small intestine.
- keep the intestinal flora at appropriate levels and the pathogens at bay, thereby preventing a large number of infections.
162
Renal Capsule
The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.
163
Renal Cortex
the outer layer of the kidney
164
Renal Medulla
Medial layer of the kidney
165
Brachiocephalic Veins
- A pair of large veins deep in the upper chest.
- Each brachiocephalic vein returns blood to the heart from the head, neck, arm, and chest
166
Collateral Circulation
- alternate or “backup” blood vessels in your body that can take over when another artery or vein becomes blocked or damaged.
- provides alternative routes for blood flow.
167
Boarders of The Femoral/Scarpa's Triangle
- Inguinal ligament superiorly,
- the adductor longus muscle medially
- the sartorius muscle laterally.
168
Anatomical Guide for the Common Iliacs
Runs along the **superior medial border** of the **psoas major muscle** toward the lower extremity.
169
Descending Aorta
- Continues from the aortic arch and becomes two parts
- the thoracic aorta (region of T5-T12) and Abdominal aorta (ends at L4)
- Later divides into right and left common iliac arteries
170
Branches of the Descending Aorta
- Parietal Branches – supply the walls
- Visceral Branches – supply the organs
171
Parietal Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
- supply the walls of the thoracic cavity
- Posterior intercostal arteries, Subcostal arteries, Superior phrenic arteries
172
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
- arteries that supply blood to the intercostal spaces
- 9 pair
- Continuous with the anterior intercostal arteries
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
173
Subcostal Arteries
-The lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries.
- 1 pair
- Inferior to the 12th rib
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
174
Superior Phrenic Arteries
- small and arise from the lower part of the thoracic aorta
- they are distributed to the posterior part of the UPPER SURFACE of the DIAPHRAGM
- 1 Pair
- Parietal Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
175
Visceral Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
- Esophageal Arteries
- Bronchial Arteries
- Pericardial Arteries
176
esophageal arteries
- 4 or 5
- Arise from the front of the aorta and goes to the ESOPHAGUS
- forms an anastomosis with the esophageal branches of the inferior thyroid arteries above, and ascending branches from the left inferior phrenic and left gastric arteries below.
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
177
Bronchial Arteries
- supply blood to the bronchi and connective tissue of the lungs
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
178
Pericardial Arteries
- supply the pericardium and organs in the posterior mediastinum
- Visceral Branch of the Thoracic Aorta
179
Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Inferior phrenic arteries (parietal branches)
Celiac trunk (unpaired visceral branch)
Superior mesenteric artery (unpaired visceral branch)
Suprarenal arteries (paired visceral branches)
Renal arteries (paired visceral branches)
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries (paired visceral branches)
Inferior mesenteric artery (unpaired visceral branch)
Common iliac arteries (terminal branches)
+ Lumbar (paired parietal branches)
+ Median Sacral (unpaired parietal branch)
180
Parietal Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
- Inferior Phrenic Arteries
- Lumbar Arteries
- Median Sacral Artery
181
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
- two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm. (paired)
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
182
Lumbar Arteries
- 4, on either side of the aorta and upper 4 lumbar vertebrae (not evenly divided)
- a smaller, fifth pair may arise from the middle sacral artery
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
183
Median Sacral Artery/middle sacral artery
- a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation.
- It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx.
- Parietal Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
184
Paired Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
Middle Suprarenal Arteries
Renal Arteries
Gonadal Arteries
185
Middle Suprarenal(adrenal) Arteries
- two small vessels which arise, one from either side of the abdominal aorta.
- They pass laterally and slightly upward, to the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands).
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
186
Renal Arteries
- supply the kidneys with blood
- arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
187
Gonadal Arteries
- A paired artery with one arising from the abdominal aorta for each gonad.
- Refers to the testicular artery in males or the ovarian artery in females
- Paired Visceral Branch of the Abdominal Aorta
188
Unpaired Visceral Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
- Celiac Trunk (three branches: Left Gastric Artery,Splenic Artery, Common Hepatic Artery)
- Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Inferior Mesenteric Artery
189
Celiac Trunk/Celiac Artery
- the first major branch of the abdominal aorta - branches from the aorta around the level of the T12
- one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery
- Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
190
Left Gastric Artery
- Supplies/runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the STOMACH. Branches also supply the lower ESOPHAGUS
- arises from the celiac artery
- anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion.
- Part of Celiac Trunk
191
Splenic Artery
- the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the SPLEEN.
- branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas.
- Part of Celiac Trunk
192
Common Hepatic Artery
- a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the LIVER, PYLORUS,(a part of the stomach), DUODENUM (a part of the small intestine) and PANCREAS
- Part of Celiac Trunk
193
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)
- supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum to the left colic flexure and the pancreas (small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine).
- arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk
- Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
194
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)
- supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum.
- Unpaired Visceral Artery of the Abdominal Aorta
195
Common Iliac Arteries (CIA)
- The large paired terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.
- The CIA bifurcates at the point where the ureter crosses it anteriorly into its terminal branches, the internal iliac artery and external iliac artery, at the level of the pelvic brim
196
Flexion
decrease the angle between two bones
197
Extension
increase the angle between bones
198
Supination
forearm rotates laterally – palm faces anteriorly
special movement
199
Pronation
– forearm rotates medially – palm faces posteriorly
special movement
200
3 Hamstring Muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
201
The 4 Rotator Cuff Muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
202
Parts of Humerus
Head – is located on the proximal end of the humerus and fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Condyles – are located on the distal end of the humerus
***Trochlea – medial condyle that articulates with the ulna
***Capitulum – lateral condyle that articulates with the radius
Olecranon Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
203
Superior Vena Cava
- opening/orifice found in Right Atrium
- Receives oxygen-poor blood draining superior to the diaphragm
204
Inferior Vena Cava
- opening/orifice found in Right Atrium
- Receives oxygen-poor blood draining inferior to the diaphragm
