The Human Body (Q1,P1) Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
the study of the structure of the human body
What is Physiology
the study of body function
What is Anatomical Terminology?
Medical Language based on Greek or Latin and provides standard nomenclature worldwide
What is Gross Anatomy
deals with the structure of organs and tissues seen with the naked eye
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to examine the smallest structures of the body; tissues, cells, and molecules.
What is Pathological Anatomy?
deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues and organs caused by disease
What is Systemic Anatomy?
all the organs with related functions are studied together
What is Surface (topographical) Anatomy?
the study of shapes and markings (called landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs
What is the Hierarchy of Structural Organization?
An organization of living structures
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
What is the Integumentary System?
The skin
- Forms external body covering
- protects deeper tissues from injury
- synthesizes vitamin d
- site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc)as well as the sweat and oil glands
What is the Skeletal System?
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework for muscles
- blood cells forms within bones
- stores minerals
What is the Muscular System?
- Allows manipulations of environment
- locomotion
- facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
What is the Nervous System?
- fast acting control system
- responds to internal and external (environmental) changes
What is the Cardiovascular System?
- Blood vessels transport bloodcarries oxygen and carbon dioxidecarries nutrients and waste
- Heart pumps blood
What is the Lymphatic system/immunity?
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
- disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
- mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
What is Respiratory System?
- keeps blood suppled with oxygen
- Removes carbon dioxide
- Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
What is the Digestive System?
- breaks down food into absorbable units
- ingested food eliminated as feces
What is the Urinary System?
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance
What is the Reproductive System?
- Overall function is to produce offspring
- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- Mammary glands produce milk
What is the Endocrine System?
Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth reproduction and nutrient use
What is the Anatomical Position?
- Anatomical Position- a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward; Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
What is the Axial Region?
the main axis of the body; composed of the
head, neck, trunk, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum (region between the anus and external genitalia)
What is the Appendicular Region?
the limbs
Superior (cranial/rostral)
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure/body; below
Anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body ; in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
Intermediate
between a more medial and lateral structure
Proximal
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone) (close to origin)
Distal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm)(far from origin)
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface; more external
Deep (Internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
Coronal (frontal) plane
lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts (down the cranium)
Median (mid-sagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse Plane
runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
What is Bilateral Symmetry?
the left half of the body is essentially a mirror image of the right half
What is the Dorsal Cavity comprised of?
The cranial cavity and the vertebral (spinal) cavity
What is the ventral cavity? What is it comprised of?
the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
The ventral cavity has two main divisions: 1) Thoracic cavity and the 2) Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
the right and left pleural cavity (cavities that contain the lungs) and the Mediastinum
What is the Mediastinum
contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial cavity, esophagus and trachea
What is the Abdominopelvic cavity? What is it comprised of?
divided into two parts, the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity - contains the liver stomach kidney and other organs.
Pelvic Cavity- contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
What are Serous Membranes? And name them
line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where theysecrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
Pleura Membrane (lung)
Pericardium Membrane (heart)
Peritoneum Membrane (Abdominopelvic viscera)
What are the two types of serous membranes?
Parietal serosa and visceral serosa.
What do partietal serosa do?
line the body cavities
What does the visceral serosa do?
line the outer part of the organs within the body cavity.
What are the nine abdominal regions?
Left and right side going down: hypochondriac region, lumbar region, illiac region
Middle going down: epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region
