The skeleton and muscles Flashcards
what is the skeleton composed of
rigid structures called bones
cartilage
what is the name of the place when bones meet
joints
function of ligaments
attach bones to bones
function of tendons
attach muscle to bones
functions of skeleton
support
protects organs
aids movement
shape
manufacturing blood cells
what does the axial skeleton consist of
skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum
how many bones are in the skull
22 bones
what is the cranium
the 22 bones in the skull fused together
label the skeleton
disc
pad of fluid enclosed by cartilage located between most vertebrae
how many bones are in the spine
33
what are the bones in the spine called
vertebrae
function of the vertebrae
surround and protect nerves of the spinal cord
function of discs
act as shock absorbers, protect vertebrae from rubbing off each other, allow movement
what are the five regions of vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
no of vertebrae in cervical spine
7
no of vertebrae in thoracic spine
12
no of vertebrae in lumbar spine
5
no of vertebrae in sacrum spine
5
no of vertebrae in coccyx spine
4
which regions of the spine have discs?
cervical thoracic and lumbar
which regions of the spine are fused
sacrum and coccyx
how many ribs are in the rib cage
12 pairs - 24 individual
what are true ribs
the first 7 ribs that are attached to the sternum
what are false ribs
next 3 pairs that are attached to each other at the front of the chest and to the sternum by cartilage
what are floating ribs
the remaining 2 pairs that do not attach to the sternum
what is the appendicular skeleton
consists of the limb bones and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
what are the 2 types of girdle
pectoral
pelvic
what does the pectoral girdle consist of
shoulder blades
collarbone
humerous
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpals
phalanges
what does the pelvic girdle consist of
2 halfs of hip and sacrum
leg: femur, patella, fibula, tibia
foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
what is cartilage made up of
collagen and other proteins
what type of protein is collagen
fibrous- firm but flexible
function of cartilage
protect bones, allow friction free movement
how are materials transported through cartilage
cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells
why is cartilage slower to heal than bone
cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells whereas bone has a large blood supply
examples of cartilage
pinna in ear, nose, trachea, discs, end of bones
epiphyses
end of long bone
diaphysis
long part of bone
periosteum
connective tissue layer surrounding bone
compact bone
70% inorganic salts 30% protein
mostly found in diaphysis
spongy bone
same components as compacts except structure is network of thin bony bars with hollow in between
hollows filled with red marrow
medullary cavity
contains bone marrow,
young people- active red bone marrow
adults- yellow marrow can be changed to red marrow if needed
function of periosteum
blood supply to bones and protection
function of compact bone
for strength
function of spongy bone
reduces weight of bones and contains the red bone marrow
function of red bone marrow
produces red blood cells
function of yellow bone marrow
stores fat
bone development before birth
skeleton of embryo= cartilage
bone development after birth
epiphyses calcify
cartilage remains at the junctions between epiphyses and diaphysis called growth plates
function of growth plates
enable bone to elongate during childhood and puberty
osteoclasts
bone digesting cells present in medullary cavity
how do osteoclasts work
they break down bone that lines the cavity and deposit outside the bone release calcium into the blood
what controls the function of osteoclasts
parathormone
what is the result of osteoclasts functon
weaker thinner bones
what forms osteoblasts
dormant osteocytes
function of osteoblasts
form new bone
how do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together
to englarge medullary cavity then build up compact bone lining it resulting in strong structure and minimum weight
factors affecting bone renewal
physical activity- stress on bones = thicker stronger bones
hormone levels:
- GH and sex hormones increase size of bones, mass of bones especially during puberty
- parathormone controls release of calcium
what are the 3 types of joint
immovable
slightly movable
freely moveable
what are immovable joints
bones held together without cartilage
what is a suture
where fused bones meet
give an example of a fused joint
skull
what is a slightly moveable joint
where bones need to be flexible but do not move
example of a slightly moveable joint
vertebrae
what is another name for a freely moveable joint
synovial joint
features of a synovial joint
ends of bones covered in cartilage
bones are separated by a cavity
cavity is enclosed by fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
bones are held together by flexible ligaments that allow movement
synovial fluid
a clear sticky liquid that reduces friction in the joint and acts as a lubricant
examples of synovial joints
ball and socket joints ie shoulder or hip
hinge joints eg elbow or knee
ball and socket joint
movement in all directions- cannot support heavy loads
hinge joint
movement in one direction only
what are the 3 types of muscle
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
where is smooth muscle found
digestive system
bladder
blood vessels
where is skeletal muscle found
found around the skeleton
where is cardiac muscle found
heart
contraction power of smooth muscle
contracts and tires slowly
contraction power of skeletal muscle
contracts and tires quickly
contraction power of cardiac muscle
contacts strongly
function of smooth muscle
under conscious control
function of skeletal muscle
used to move the bones
function of cardiac muscle
does not tire and it is involuntary
antagonistic muscles
2 muscles working in a pair that have opposite effects to each other
example of antagonistic muscles
biceps and triceps
name a muscular skeletal disorder
arthritis
what happens when biceps contract
arm bends
what happens when triceps contract
arm straightens
what are the 2 types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
cause of osteoarthritis
caused by deterioration of cartilage as a result of bones rubbing against each other
cause of rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease where immune system mistakenly sends antibodies attacks synovial membrane
prevention of arthritis
choose to walk or swim as a form of exercise over running
wearing proper footwear when exercising
treatment of arthritis
no cure
rest exercise weight loss
anti- inflammatory
