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LC Biology > The skeleton and muscles > Flashcards

The skeleton and muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the skeleton composed of

A

rigid structures called bones
cartilage

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2
Q

what is the name of the place when bones meet

A

joints

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3
Q

function of ligaments

A

attach bones to bones

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4
Q

function of tendons

A

attach muscle to bones

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5
Q

functions of skeleton

A

support
protects organs
aids movement
shape
manufacturing blood cells

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6
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of

A

skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum

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7
Q

how many bones are in the skull

A

22 bones

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8
Q

what is the cranium

A

the 22 bones in the skull fused together

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9
Q

label the skeleton

A
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10
Q

disc

A

pad of fluid enclosed by cartilage located between most vertebrae

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11
Q

how many bones are in the spine

A

33

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12
Q

what are the bones in the spine called

A

vertebrae

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13
Q

function of the vertebrae

A

surround and protect nerves of the spinal cord

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14
Q

function of discs

A

act as shock absorbers, protect vertebrae from rubbing off each other, allow movement

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15
Q

what are the five regions of vertebrae

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

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16
Q

no of vertebrae in cervical spine

A

7

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17
Q

no of vertebrae in thoracic spine

A

12

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18
Q

no of vertebrae in lumbar spine

A

5

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19
Q

no of vertebrae in sacrum spine

A

5

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20
Q

no of vertebrae in coccyx spine

A

4

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21
Q

which regions of the spine have discs?

A

cervical thoracic and lumbar

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22
Q

which regions of the spine are fused

A

sacrum and coccyx

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23
Q

how many ribs are in the rib cage

A

12 pairs - 24 individual

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24
Q

what are true ribs

A

the first 7 ribs that are attached to the sternum

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25
Q

what are false ribs

A

next 3 pairs that are attached to each other at the front of the chest and to the sternum by cartilage

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26
Q

what are floating ribs

A

the remaining 2 pairs that do not attach to the sternum

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27
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

consists of the limb bones and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

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28
Q

what are the 2 types of girdle

A

pectoral
pelvic

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29
Q

what does the pectoral girdle consist of

A

shoulder blades
collarbone
humerous
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpals
phalanges

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30
Q

what does the pelvic girdle consist of

A

2 halfs of hip and sacrum
leg: femur, patella, fibula, tibia
foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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31
Q

what is cartilage made up of

A

collagen and other proteins

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32
Q

what type of protein is collagen

A

fibrous- firm but flexible

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33
Q

function of cartilage

A

protect bones, allow friction free movement

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34
Q

how are materials transported through cartilage

A

cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells

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35
Q

why is cartilage slower to heal than bone

A

cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells whereas bone has a large blood supply

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36
Q

examples of cartilage

A

pinna in ear, nose, trachea, discs, end of bones

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37
Q

epiphyses

A

end of long bone

38
Q

diaphysis

A

long part of bone

39
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue layer surrounding bone

40
Q

compact bone

A

70% inorganic salts 30% protein
mostly found in diaphysis

41
Q

spongy bone

A

same components as compacts except structure is network of thin bony bars with hollow in between
hollows filled with red marrow

42
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains bone marrow,
young people- active red bone marrow
adults- yellow marrow can be changed to red marrow if needed

43
Q

function of periosteum

A

blood supply to bones and protection

44
Q

function of compact bone

A

for strength

45
Q

function of spongy bone

A

reduces weight of bones and contains the red bone marrow

46
Q

function of red bone marrow

A

produces red blood cells

47
Q

function of yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat

48
Q

bone development before birth

A

skeleton of embryo= cartilage

49
Q

bone development after birth

A

epiphyses calcify
cartilage remains at the junctions between epiphyses and diaphysis called growth plates

50
Q

function of growth plates

A

enable bone to elongate during childhood and puberty

51
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone digesting cells present in medullary cavity

52
Q

how do osteoclasts work

A

they break down bone that lines the cavity and deposit outside the bone release calcium into the blood

53
Q

what controls the function of osteoclasts

A

parathormone

54
Q

what is the result of osteoclasts functon

A

weaker thinner bones

55
Q

what forms osteoblasts

A

dormant osteocytes

56
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

form new bone

57
Q

how do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together

A

to englarge medullary cavity then build up compact bone lining it resulting in strong structure and minimum weight

58
Q

factors affecting bone renewal

A

physical activity- stress on bones = thicker stronger bones
hormone levels:
- GH and sex hormones increase size of bones, mass of bones especially during puberty
- parathormone controls release of calcium

59
Q

what are the 3 types of joint

A

immovable
slightly movable
freely moveable

60
Q

what are immovable joints

A

bones held together without cartilage

61
Q

what is a suture

A

where fused bones meet

62
Q

give an example of a fused joint

A

skull

63
Q

what is a slightly moveable joint

A

where bones need to be flexible but do not move

64
Q

example of a slightly moveable joint

A

vertebrae

65
Q

what is another name for a freely moveable joint

A

synovial joint

66
Q

features of a synovial joint

A

ends of bones covered in cartilage
bones are separated by a cavity
cavity is enclosed by fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
bones are held together by flexible ligaments that allow movement

67
Q

synovial fluid

A

a clear sticky liquid that reduces friction in the joint and acts as a lubricant

68
Q

examples of synovial joints

A

ball and socket joints ie shoulder or hip

hinge joints eg elbow or knee

69
Q

ball and socket joint

A

movement in all directions- cannot support heavy loads

70
Q

hinge joint

A

movement in one direction only

71
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

72
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

digestive system
bladder
blood vessels

73
Q

where is skeletal muscle found

A

found around the skeleton

74
Q

where is cardiac muscle found

A

heart

75
Q

contraction power of smooth muscle

A

contracts and tires slowly

76
Q

contraction power of skeletal muscle

A

contracts and tires quickly

77
Q

contraction power of cardiac muscle

A

contacts strongly

78
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

under conscious control

79
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

used to move the bones

80
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

does not tire and it is involuntary

81
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

2 muscles working in a pair that have opposite effects to each other

82
Q

example of antagonistic muscles

A

biceps and triceps

83
Q

name a muscular skeletal disorder

A

arthritis

84
Q

what happens when biceps contract

A

arm bends

85
Q

what happens when triceps contract

A

arm straightens

86
Q

what are the 2 types of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

87
Q

cause of osteoarthritis

A

caused by deterioration of cartilage as a result of bones rubbing against each other

88
Q

cause of rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease where immune system mistakenly sends antibodies attacks synovial membrane

89
Q

prevention of arthritis

A

choose to walk or swim as a form of exercise over running
wearing proper footwear when exercising

90
Q

treatment of arthritis

A

no cure
rest exercise weight loss
anti- inflammatory

LC Biology (34 decks)

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