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LC Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nutrition

A

the way in which an organism obtains and uses its food

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2
Q

digestion

A

the physical and chemical breakdown of food

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3
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that cannot make their own food

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4
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that can make their own food

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of heterotrophs

A

omnivores
carnivores
herbivores

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6
Q

omnivore

A

an organism that eats both plant and animal material e.g humans

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7
Q

carnivore

A

eat animals only e.g pike

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8
Q

herbivore

A

eat plant material only e.g squirrels

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9
Q

draw a labelled digestive system diagram

A

pg 50 book 3

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10
Q

what are the 4 stages of digestion

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
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11
Q

ingestion

A

putting food into our mouth

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12
Q

digestion

A

physical+ chemical breakdown of food

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13
Q

absorption

A

absorption of nutrients

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14
Q

egestion

A

removal of waste of digestion ie faeces

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15
Q

what are the types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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16
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the physical breakdown of food ie chewing in mouth or churning in stomach

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17
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by enzymes

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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19
Q

what is the function of incisors

A

biting and cutting

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20
Q

what is the function of canines

A

gripping and tearing

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21
Q

what is the function of premolars and molars

A

chewing

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22
Q

what is the dental formula

A

2[i2/2 c1/1 pm2/2 m3/3]

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23
Q

how does physical digestion work?

A

teeth in the mouth physically breakdown food into smaller pieces
which increases the surface area for chemical digestion

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24
Q

how does chemical digestion work?

A

salivary amylase acts on starch in the food and breaks it down to maltose

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25
Q

oesophagus

A

carries food from mouth to stomach

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26
Q

peristalsis

A

the wave of muscular contraction of the gut wall that helps to move the food through the alimentary canal

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27
Q

what is the stomach

A

a muscular bag that holds/digests food

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28
Q

what muscles are in the stomach and what do they do?

A

sphincter muscles
regulate the opening and closing of the stomach

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29
Q

where is the stomach located

A

to the left of the liver just below the diaphragm

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30
Q

name 3 things in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid
enzymes(pepsin)
mucus

31
Q

function of mucus membrane

A

protects stomach wall from acid
prevents pepsin from breaking down stomach wall

32
Q

function of pepsin

A

digests protein (chemical digestion)

33
Q

function of hydrochloric acid

A

kills bacteria

34
Q

what is chyme

A

a liquid produced when food is physically digested by churning and mixes with other things.

35
Q

what are the functions of the small intestine

A

digestion and absorption

36
Q

what are the 2 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
illeum

37
Q

function of duodenum

A

digestion

38
Q

function of illeum

A

absorption

39
Q

what 3 organs are involved in the chemical breakdown of food in the small intestine

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

40
Q

function of pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice

41
Q

what is pancreatic juice

A

made up of
water
enzymes (proteases, lipase, amylase)
sodium bicarbonate

42
Q

function of pancreatic amylase

A

breaks down starch to maltose

43
Q

function of pancreatic lipase

A

breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

function of pancreatic protease

A

breaks down protein to peptides

45
Q

location of the liver

A

to the right of the stomach beneath the diaphragm

46
Q

function of the liver

A

PRODUCES BILE
breaks down red blood cells
stores fat soluble vitamins
produces heat
detoxifies the body ie drugs + alcohol

47
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores bile

48
Q

what is bile

A

a green/yellow liquid that contains
-bile salts to emulsify fats
-sodium bicarbonate to neutralise chyme

49
Q

how is bile carried to the duodenum

A

via the bile duct

50
Q

what is a villus

A

an infolding in the interior lining of the small intestine. there are millions of these.

51
Q

function of villi

A

increase the surface area to allow for more absortion

52
Q

how do villi work?

A

each villus has its own blood supply to allow food molecules to enter the capillary and be transported to the liver

PROCESS= DIFFUSION

53
Q

what are the adaptations of villi for absorption

A

wall of villi one cell thick
large blood supply
lots of them = more absorption
microvilli= more surface area

54
Q

villus diagram

A

pg 56

55
Q

function of lacteals

A

fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into lacteals which connects to lymph nodes as these cannot be transported in the blood

ie to transport fatty acids and glycerol

56
Q

what happens to fatty acids and glycerol in the lacteals

A

fats are reformed and covered in a protein and they then move into the lymph vessels and there they are transferred back to the bloodstream

57
Q

what is the process of absorption?

A

diffusion

58
Q

where do absorbed materials go?

A

digested materials pass through the villi by diffusion
digested lipids and fat-soluble vitamins pass into lacteals which is connected to the lymphatic system where they are returned to the bloodstream
all other products go directly from the villi to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

59
Q

what are the blood supplies to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
hepatic vein

60
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries digested nutrients from the small intestine to the liver

61
Q

hepatic artery

A

brings oxygenated blood to the liver

62
Q

hepatic vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood and other nutrients from the liver

63
Q

where do the nutrients go from the liver?

A

they travel to cells all over the body where they are needed

64
Q

adaptations of the small intestine

A

ileum is very long- allows for digested food to come into contact with the ileum wall for longer
the folded wall and the villi increase the surface area for absorption
the cells lining the ileum are thin walled which allows for the rapid movement of substances through them
the wall is well supplied with blood vessels and lacteals to carry the digested food away

65
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine

A

caecum
appendix
colon
rectum

66
Q

what is the function of the caecum and the appendix?

A

they have no known function

67
Q

how does the large intestine work

A

liquid waste material enters the large intestine
the colon absorbs water and mineral salts back into the blood
when water is removed waste becomes more solid
this semi solid waste is faeces
faeces are stored in the rectum and are released from the body through the anus

68
Q

egestion

A

the removal of indigested waste from the gut

69
Q

why is the large intestine called large

A

it has a larger diameter than the small intestine

70
Q

function of colon

A

to absorb water and mineral waste back into the blood

71
Q

symbiotic bacteria

A

bacteria that live on or in another organism where at least one of the organisms benefits

72
Q

function of symbiotic bacteria

A

produce vitamins B + K
digest some cellulose
occupy space preventing the growth of pathogens
the bacteria have food and shelter in return

73
Q

what are some fibre rich foods

A

brown pasta
brown bread

74
Q

how does fibre work

A

it cannot be digested in our system
it absorbs water which makes faeces softer and easier to pass
provides bulk which keeps the contents of the gut moving

LC Biology (34 decks)

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