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LC Biology > Extretory System > Flashcards

Extretory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

an organism’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment

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2
Q

what does the internal environment involve

A

tempetature, fluid balance, chemistry in the body

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3
Q

excretion

A

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

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4
Q

what are the organs of excretion

A

skin
lungs
kidneys

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5
Q

how does the excretory system play a role in homeostasis

A

by regulating body temp-skin
by maintaining fluid balance

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6
Q

what is the largest organ in our body?

A

the skin

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7
Q

what do the kidneys produce

A

urine

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8
Q

what is urine made up of

A

urea, water, salt

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9
Q

what does the skin excrete

A

sweat (water and salt)

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10
Q

what do the lungs excrete

A

co2 + water vapour

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11
Q

what do the kidneys excrete

A

urine

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12
Q

what are the 2 layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis

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13
Q

what is the epidermis made up of

A

malpighian layer
granular layer
cornified layer

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14
Q

where is the epidermis

A

outer layer

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15
Q

what does the malpighian layer produce

A

new cells due to lots of mitosis

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16
Q

what does the granular layer produce

A

keratin produced causing cells to harden

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17
Q

what does the cornified layer produce

A

cells die and shed

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18
Q

melanin

A

pigment that gives us our skin colour
produced by specialised cells in the Malpighian layer

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19
Q

what is the dermis made of

A

connective tissue and collagen

contains: sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

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20
Q

functions of the skin

A

protection
sense organ
vitamin D production
food storage
excretion of water and salts
temperature regulation

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21
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer?

A

lies beneath the dermis. contains adipose tissue that protects internal structures and insulates the body

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22
Q

how much does temperature fall by when sleeping

A

1 degree

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23
Q

why does body temperature fall at night

A

because less respiration is happening

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24
Q

why does our temperature rise when we are sick?

A

to destroy the invaders

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25
Q

what things cause slight temperature fluctuations

A

puberty, menopause, menstrual cycle

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26
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels in the skin expand and move closer to the surface of the skin causing heat loss and cooling us down

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27
Q

sweat

A

salt and water released through pores onto skin. water evaporates off the surface of the skin cooling us down

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28
Q

why is it important to drink fluids during and after excersise?

A

water lost through sweating must be replaced to maintain water balance

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29
Q

piloerection

A

erector muscle contracts which cause hairs to stand up. a layer of warm air is trapped close to the surface of the skin by the hairs reducing heat loss

30
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels in the skin contract and move away from the surface of the skin when we are cold to reduce heat loss

31
Q

shivering

A

is the brains response to cold temperature is to cause muscles to contract and relax rapidly to raise body temperature

32
Q

what does the ureter do

A

carries urine from kidneys to bladder

33
Q

what does the urethra do

A

takes urine out of the body

34
Q

where is urea made?

A

the liver

35
Q

what is urea composed of

A

excess amino acids

36
Q

what is the kidneys’ job

A

to filter the blood

37
Q

where does filteration occur

A

cortex

38
Q

where does reabsorption occur

A

medulla

39
Q

what molecules are too large to be filtered from the blood?

A

red blood cells and proteins

40
Q

what filters out of the blood?

A

amino acids, water, glucose, urea salts

41
Q

why is it important for glucose to be reabsorbed

A

if it is not, it is an indication of diabetes

42
Q

where is the bowmans capsule

A

cortex

43
Q

where is the loop of henele

A

medulla

44
Q

where is the distal/ convoluted tubules

A

medulla

45
Q

where exactly does filtration and reabsorption occur?

A

the nephron

46
Q

where in the nephron does filtration occur

A

bowmans capsule

47
Q

where in the nephron does reabsorption occur

A

proximal + distal convoluted tubules

48
Q

how many nephrons are there in each kidney

A

approx 1 million

49
Q

what is a nephron

A

structure in the kidney that filters blood and produces urine

50
Q

describe how filtration occurs in each nephron

A

bowman’s capsule surrounds a glomerulus. here smaller molecules in the blood are forced under pressure out of the plasma forming the glomerular filtrate

51
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a ball of capillaries

52
Q

what is glomerular filtrate

A

substances that have been removed from the blood

53
Q

how does the glomerulus help filtration

A

high pressure
large surface area
walls that are one cell thick

54
Q

describe how reabsorption works in the nephron

A

the body reabsorbs most of the glomerular filtrate back as it cannot afford to lose the useful chemicals

55
Q

describe the proximal convoluted tubule’s role in reabsorption

A

most water reabsorbed by osmosis
glucose/amino acids/vitamins reabsorbed by active transport and diffusion
most salt reabsorbed by AT and diffusion

56
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule’s role in reabsorption

A

careful control of water salt and pH balance to determine the volume and concentration of urine
ADH causes walls to become more permeable to water so some salts and water can be absorbed if necessary.

57
Q

describe the loop of Henle’s role in reabsorption

A

descending = permeable to water only, some water and minerals reabsorbed
ascending = impermeable to water. some salts are reabsorbed by diffusion and AT at the top of the loop

58
Q

describe the collecting duct’s role in reabsorption

A

small amount of water reabsorbed by osmosis

59
Q

where do the left-over wastes go when they reach the collecting duct

A

forms urine, moves from collecting duct of nephron to pelvis of kidney

60
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the kidney regulating the amount of water in the body by varying the amount of urine produced

61
Q

what hormone controls osmoregulation

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

62
Q

what does ADH control

A

whether the distal tubule and collecting ducts reabsorb water or not

63
Q

where is ADH made

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

where is ADH stored

A

the pituitary gland

65
Q

what happens if you drink enough water

A

the hypothalamus detects the diluted blood and turns off ADH production
less water is reabsorbed so a larger volume of urine is produced

66
Q

what happens if you don’t drink enough water?

A

ADH is secreted from pituitary gland
more water is absorbed, and a small volume of urine is produced

67
Q

target area of ADH

A

distal convoluted tubule+ collecting duct

68
Q

effects of ADH

A

causes DCT and collecting duct to become more permeable to water

69
Q

what is the stem of the renal artery?

A

aorta

70
Q

what is the stem of the afferent arteriole

A

the renal artery

LC Biology (34 decks)

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