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LC Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the male reproductive system

A

Bladder
Seminal vesicles
Sperm ducts
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
Testis
Epididymis
Coppers gland

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2
Q

Function of the scrotum

A

Contains the testis and holds them outside the body

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3
Q

Why are testis located outside the body?

A

Sperm production requires a lower temperature of 25°C

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4
Q

What are the 2 functions of the testes

A

Sperm production
Testosterone production

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5
Q

What produces sperm?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

To mature and store sperm

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7
Q

Where is sperm matured

A

Epididymis

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8
Q

Function of sperm duct

A

Carry sperm to the urethra

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9
Q

Function of the urethra

A

Carries sperm and urine out of the body

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10
Q

What are the 3 glands in the male reproductive system

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowpers gland

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11
Q

What are the components of semen

A

Sperm + seminal fluid

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12
Q

What do the 3 glands produce?

A

Seminal fluid

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13
Q

What is the function of seminal fluid

A

To provide a medium for sperm to swim

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14
Q

Draw and label a sperm

A

Head:
Nucleus
Acrosome

Middle:
Collar

Tail:
Flagellum

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15
Q

Function of the acrosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down the membrane of the egg

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16
Q

Are sperm haploid or diploid discuss

A

Haploid- they are formed by meiosis in the testes

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17
Q

Which part of the sperm contain mitochondria

A

Middle- collar

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18
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female body

A

0-7 days

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19
Q

How many chromosomes are found in sperm

A

23

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20
Q

Name the form of cell division that results in the production of sperm

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Does a zygote contain mitochondria from both gametes?

A

No, zygote only contains mitochondria from the egg as only the head of the sperm enters the egg and a sperms mitochondria are in its collar (middle)

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22
Q

Function of the sperms flagella

A

allows it to move

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23
Q

What are androgens

A

Male hormones

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24
Q

what are gonads

A

sexual glands that undergo meiosis ie testis and ovaries

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25
Q

gamete

A

haploid cell capable of fusion

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26
Q

how many chromosomes does a sperm have

A

23

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27
Q

which part of the sperm enters the egg?

A

head only

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28
Q

what does FSH stand for

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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29
Q

function of FSH

A

causes diploid cells in testes to divide by meiosis producing sperm ie stimulates sperm production

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30
Q

where is FSH made

A

pituitary gland

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31
Q

what does LH stand for

A

lutenising hormone

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32
Q

function of LH

A

testosterone production

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33
Q

where is LH made

A

pituitary gland

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34
Q

function of testosterone

A

responsible for the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

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35
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics

A

the presence of male and female reproductive parts

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36
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

features that distinguish males from females, apart from sex organs themselves

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37
Q

male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • growth of pubic, facial and body hair
  • voice breaking
  • a growth spurt at puberty
  • increased muscular development and bone development
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38
Q

draw a large labelled diagram of the female reproductive system

A

fallopian tube
ovary
funnels
uterus
endometrium
cervix
vagina
vulva

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39
Q

function of the ovary

A

produce egg and female hormones

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40
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

fallopian tube

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41
Q

what is the function of the funnels

A

catch the egg after it is released from the ovary

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42
Q

how is the egg moved along the fallopian tube

A

peristalisis

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43
Q

what is the outer wall of the uterus made of

A

involuntary muscle

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44
Q

function of endometrium

A

nourishes fertilized egg

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45
Q

function of cervix

A

separates uterus from the vagina

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46
Q

uterus function

A

site of implantation, holds developing embryo, forms placenta

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47
Q

what is the vagina

A

elastic muscular tube that allows entry of sperm

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48
Q

what is the function of mucous in the vagina

A

to protect against the entry of pathoagens

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49
Q

name the 2 female hormones

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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50
Q

female secondary characteristics

A

maturing and enlargement of breasts
widening of pelvis to allow for birth
growth of pubic and underarm hair
a growth spurt

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51
Q

what do ovaries produce

A

eggs
oestrogen
progesterone

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52
Q

when does a female recieve its eggs

A

a female foetus has all its potential eggs at birth

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53
Q

are potential eggs haploid or diploid

A

diploid

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54
Q

by what form of cell division do haploid eggs form

A

meiosis

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55
Q

how many haploid eggs are produced each month

A

20

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56
Q

how many eggs are released from the ovary?

A

usually only 1

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57
Q

ovulation

A

release of an egg from an ovary

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58
Q

what is the first structure that surrounds an egg

A

graafian follicle

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59
Q

what hormone does the graafian follicle produce

A

oestrogen

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60
Q

what does the graafian follicle change to at ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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61
Q

which hormone does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone

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62
Q

how long is the average menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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63
Q

list the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH
LH
oestrogen
progesterone

64
Q

what is the purpose of the menstrual cycle

A

to prepare the body for pregnancy

65
Q

describe the events of days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle

A

endometrium breaks down and menstruation occurs
FH stimulates the production of an egg
egg is surrounded by the graafian follicle

66
Q

describe the events of days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle

A

graafian follicle releases oestrogen
oestrogen causes the lining of the uterus to build up and prevents the production of another egg

67
Q

describe the events of days 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

graafian follicle releases the egg
LH is responsible for ovulation

68
Q

describe the events of days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

graafian follicle developes into the corpus luteum
corpus luteum releases progesterone which maintains the lining of the uterus and prevents more eggs from developing

69
Q

fertile period

A

time when fertilization is most likely to occur

70
Q

which days are referred to as the fertile period

A

12-16

71
Q

what causes menstruation

A

drop in progesterone levels

72
Q

where is FSH produced

A

pituitary gland

73
Q

when is FSH active in the menstrual cycle

A

days 1-5

74
Q

function of FSH in females

A

stimulates egg production and causes oestrogen to be produced

75
Q

where is oestrogen produced

A

in the ovary and graafian follicle

76
Q

when is oestrogen active in the menstrual cycle

A

days 6-14

77
Q

what is the function of oestrogen

A

causes the lining of the uterus to build up

78
Q

where is LH produced

A

pituitary gland

79
Q

function of Lh in females

A

causes ovulation

80
Q

when is LH present in the menstrual cycle

A

day 14

81
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

corpus luteum

82
Q

when is progesterone active in the menstrual cycle

A

day 14-28

83
Q

what is the function of progesterone

A

maintains the lining of the uterus

84
Q

name a menstrual disorder

A

fibroids

85
Q

what are fibroids

A

benign tumours in the uterus lining

86
Q

what causes fibroids

A

abnormal response to the contraceptive pill

87
Q

what is the prevention of fibroids

A

none

88
Q

treatment of fibroids

A

surgery

89
Q

symptoms of fibroids

A

heavy and prolonged menstruation
pain
miscarriage or infertility

90
Q

sexual arousal

A

penis becomes erect
vagina become lubricated elongated and wider

91
Q

copulation

A

penis is inserted into the vagina
heart rate and breathing rate increase

92
Q

orgasm

A

pelvis muscles contract heart and breathing rate increase
semen is released from the penis (ejaculation)
sphincter muscles in males closes
contraction of vagina and uterus helps sperm swim towards fallopian tube

93
Q

insemination

A

release of sperm into the female

94
Q

what chemical does an egg release to attract sperm

A

chemotaxis

95
Q

fertilisation

A

the union of sperm and egg nuclei to form a diploid zygote

96
Q

function of the acrosome

A

releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane

97
Q

infertility

A

inability to produce offspring

98
Q

what is male infertility

A

low sperm count or mobility

99
Q

what causes male infertility

A

smoking

100
Q

correction of male infertililty

A

stop smoking

101
Q

what is female infertility

A

failure to ovulate

102
Q

cause of female infertility

A

FSH or LH not produced

103
Q

correction of female infertility

A

hormone supplements

104
Q

what type of division does a zygote divide by

A

mitosis

105
Q

implantation

A

the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

106
Q

when does implantation occur

A

6-9 days after fertilisation

107
Q

what membrane is formed at implantation

A

amnion

108
Q

what is the function of the amnion

A

secretes amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber

109
Q

when does the placenta form

A

after implantation

110
Q

what tissues/materials ect make up the placenta?

A

uterine and embryonic tissue

111
Q

what is the outer membrane the EMBRYO forms after implantation

A

the chorion.

112
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A

exchange of materials between mother and embryo
produces progesterone
prevents the embryo and mothers blood from mixing

113
Q

what are some examples of materials passed in the placenta

A

oxygen, food, antibodies, drugs enter the embryo

co2 salts and urea enter the mother

114
Q

why is it important that the mother and babys blood types do not mix

A

the 2 blood groups may not be compatible
the blood pressure of the mother may cause damage to the embryo
minimises the chance of infection passing from mother to foetus

115
Q

in vitro fertilisation

A

involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

116
Q

how does IVF work?

A

fertility drugs are given to the female to stimulate the ovaries to produce more than 1 egg
these eggs are surgically removed and fertilised.
if embryos form, they are placed back into the uterus to implant naturally

117
Q

why is twins or triplets ect common with ivf

A

more than one embryo is placed into the uterus to increase the likelyhood of pregnancy

118
Q

what is a major problem with IVF

A

its very expensive

119
Q

why do people freeze their eggs?

A

egg count and quality reduces overtime so many women choose to freeze eggs to preserve the quality

120
Q

what does the zygote develope into

A

morula

121
Q

what is the morula

A

a solid ball of cells that are undifferenciated

122
Q

what forms from the morula

A

blastocyst

123
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

a ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity

124
Q

what is the outer layer of the blastocyst called

A

trophoblast

125
Q

what forms from the trophoblast

A

the embryo

126
Q

germ layers

A

basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which adult tissue and organs will form

127
Q

what are the 3 germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

128
Q

function of the ectoderm

A

forms skin, hair, nails, nervous system

129
Q

function of the mesoderm

A

forms muscles and skeletal system

130
Q

function of the endoderm

A

forms inner lining of digestive system and the respiratory system

131
Q

how many layers does the mesoderm have

A

2

132
Q

what is the space between the 2 layers of the mesoderm

A

coelom

133
Q

function of the coelom

A

produces more complex organs

134
Q

embryo development week 4

A

heart is formed and starts to beat, brain and umbilical cord start to form

135
Q

embryo development week 5

A

internal organs formed, limbs formed

136
Q

embryo development week 6

A

eyes visible, nose and ears forming

137
Q

embryo development week 8

A

tail shortened, bone starts replacing cartilage. now called the foetus

138
Q

from what week can sex be determined in
pregnancy

A

12 weeks onwards

139
Q

gestation

A

the length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth
usually 38 weeks

140
Q

what structure produces oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy

A

placenta- it acts as an endocrine gland

141
Q

the drop of what hormone begins labour

A

progesterone

142
Q

which hormone causes contractions

A

oxytocin

143
Q

stage one of birth

A

contractions push the head of the foetus towards the cervix
the amnion bursts and amniotic fluid is released

144
Q

stage 2 of birth

A

head of the baby is forced out through the vagina

145
Q

stage 3 of birth

A

the afterbirth is expelled from the vagina

146
Q

why are babies born headfirst

A

its easier, safer and less painful

147
Q

lactation

A

is the production of milk by the mothers breasts. it is stimulated by breastfeeding

148
Q

prolactin

A

hormone produced by the pituitary of the mother after birth which stimulates milk production

149
Q

colostrum

A

thick yellow fluid produced by the breasts for the first few days after birth before the milk. high in protein, minerals and antibodies

150
Q

benefits of breastfeeding

A

ideal nutrients
antibodies fight infection
safe as it is sterile
improves recovery in the mother
reduces risk of breast cancer

151
Q

birth control

A

involves taking steps to reduce the number of children born

152
Q

contraception

A

involves using methods to prevent fertilisation or pregnancy

153
Q

what are the 4 types of contraception

A

natural
mechanical
chemical
surgical

154
Q

natural contraception

A

not having sexual intercourse during the fertile period
monitoring body temperature- raises slightly after ovulation

155
Q

mechanical contraception

A

physical barrier to stop egg and sperm meeting eachother
male condom
female diaphragm

156
Q

chemical contraception

A

chemicals that kill sperm ie spermicides or hormones to prevent egg formation ie the pill

157
Q

surgical contraception

A

vasectomy or tying tubes

LC Biology (34 decks)

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