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LC Biology > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we have a circulatory system

A

to transport materials around the body

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2
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of?

A

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

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3
Q

closed circulation

A

the blood remains inside the blood vessels
eg dogs, humans most animals

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4
Q

open circulation

A

the blood is not always found in the blood vessels
eg. insects, spiders, crabs, lobsters

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5
Q

arteries

A

blood is carried away from the heart under high pressure

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6
Q

veins

A

blood is carried to the heart under low pressure with valves to prevent backflow

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7
Q

capillaries

A

join arteries and veins

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8
Q

adaptations of capillaries for the exchange of materials

A

one cell thick=very permeable
large no of capillaries located close to every body cell

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9
Q

the Heart

A

a muscular pump needed to pump blood all over the body

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10
Q

what is the heart made of

A

made of cardiac muscle surrounded by a double membrane called the pericardium

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11
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the thorax
in-between the lungs slightly to the left above the diaphragm

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12
Q

what type of muscle is cardiac muscle

A

involuntary ie does not tire

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13
Q

what is the main structure of the heart

A

divided into 2 sides by a muscular wall called the septum

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14
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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15
Q

what are the 4 major blood vessels of the heart

A

vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta

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16
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit involve

A

heart->lungs->heart

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17
Q

what does the systemic circuit involve

A

heart->body->heart

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18
Q

explain double circulation

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart back to the lungs
blood receives oxygen and returns to the heart
the oxygenated blood is then pumped then pumped to the rest of the body
the oxygen leaves the blood to be used for respiration
blood returns back to heart to restart the cycle

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19
Q

what are the 2 circuits ofcirculation

A

pulmonary
systemic

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20
Q

what are the benefits of double circulation

A

separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
blood is under controlled higher pressure to reach all parts of the body
higher pressure ensures appropriate metabolism to allow for more activity

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21
Q

what is the blood supply to the heart

A

coronary artery

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22
Q

where exactly does the coronary artery deliver blood to?

A

to the heart muscle

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23
Q

what causes a heart attack

A

blockage of the coronary arteries from the build-up of plaque

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24
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

every time your heart beats the cardiac cycle occurs
it is controlled by the SA & AV nodes

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25
Q

what does SA node stand for

A

sinoatrial node

26
Q

what does AV node stand for

A

atrioventricular node

27
Q

what are the 2 nodes?

A

a type of nervous tissue that acts as a pacemaker

28
Q

how does the cardiac cycle work

A
  1. blood enters the heart into the atria
    atria + ventricles relaxed
    valves closed
  2. blood pumped from atria to ventricles
    SA node sends signal causing atria to contract (ATRIAL SYSTOLE)
    tricuspid + bicuspid vales open
    vena cava + pulmonary vein close to prevent blood entering the atria

3.blood leaves the heart
atria relaxed
AV node sends signal -ventricles contract (VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE)
tricuspid + bicuspid valves shut
semilunar valves open
blood leaves, ventricles relax, valves close & cycle starts over again

29
Q

pulse

A

alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries

30
Q

what is the average pulse for an adult

A

72bpm

31
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

32
Q

how do you measure blood flow

A

by measuring the pressure required to stop blood flow in the artery of the upper arm

33
Q

what are the 2 values measured when measuring blood pressure

A

systolic + diastolic pressure

34
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure as the blood passes through due to ventricular contraction

35
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when there is no pulse, or the ventricles are relaxed

36
Q

who is at most risk for high blood pressure?

A

overweight
have a relative with high blood pressure
smoke
eat a lot of salt
don’t do enough exercise
are over the age of 65

37
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting circulatory health

A

smoking
diet
exercise

38
Q

how does smoking effect circulatory health

A

tobacco contains harmful chemicals such as nicotine and carbon monoxide
nicotine increases heart rate + blood pressure
carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen carried by blood

39
Q

how does diet effect circulatory health

A

eating foods high in saturated fat cause high cholesterol which leads to a build-up of plaque which can lead to heart attacks and strokes
foods high in salt lead to high blood pressure
obesity leads to blood being under higher pressure due to the excess weight

40
Q

how does exercise effect circulatory health

A

increased exercise leads to a healthier heart
the heart muscle is strengthened and the resting heart rate decreases

41
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a one-way system of dead ending vessels

42
Q

how do lymph vessels work?

A

they collect fluid from around the cells and return it to the blood

43
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

they are swellings in lymph vessels which help fight infection

44
Q

how does the lymphatic system work?

A

water from the blood is forced out of capillaries this is called tissue fluid or interstitial fluid, extracellular fluid
t

45
Q

what does tissue fluid consist of?

A

white blood cells and small proteins

46
Q

how is tissue fluid drained?

A

in 2 ways:
90% is drawn back into the capillaries
10% enters the lymph vessels - this creates lymph

47
Q

what is lymph

A

a milky white fluid full of proteins, white blood cells and fats
made as a result of tissue fluid entering the lymph vessels

48
Q

what are lymph vessels

A

muscular walls of vessels
body movements

49
Q

do lymph vessels have valves?

A

yes, to ensure lymph only flows towards the shoulders

50
Q

what are the 2 main lymph vessels

A

the thoracic duct (left)
lymphatic duct (right)

51
Q

where do the thoracic and lymphatic duct empty?

A

into the bloodstream at the subclavian veins under the collar bones

52
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

they are swellings on a lymph vessel

53
Q

what is the function of a lymph node

A

they contain lots of white blood cells to fight infection

54
Q

where are the glands found?

A

tonsils
neck
armpits
groin
ect

55
Q

how do nodes fight infection

A

by filtering bacteria from the lymph
by maturing lymphocytes and storing them

56
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

to collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood
the defend the body against infection
absorbs and transports fats in the digestive system

57
Q

how do you distinguish between the front and back of the heart

A

flat side of the heart is flat
on the front of the heart the coronary artery is running from the top right to bottom left

58
Q

how do you tell the difference between the left and right side of the heart

A

the left side of the heart is thicker

59
Q

why do you use the neck or the wrist to measure pulse?

A

because the artery is closer to the surface of the skin

60
Q

what does it mean if you return to a resting pulse faster?

A

the faster you return to a resting pulse the greater a fitness level you have

LC Biology (34 decks)

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