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LC Biology > Enzymes and Energy Carriers > Flashcards

Enzymes and Energy Carriers Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

what is an enzyme

A

biological catalyst
biological-made by the body and used by the body
catalyst-speeds up chemical reactions without being used up itself

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of reactions

A

anabolic and catabolic

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4
Q

anabolic reaction

A

builds smaller molecules into larger molecules. requires energy

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5
Q

give 2 examples of anabolic reactions

A

photosynthesis, protein synthesis

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6
Q

catabolic reaction

A

breaks large molecules into smaller molecules. releases energy

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7
Q

2 examples of catabolic reactions

A

respiration, digestion

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8
Q

what is the anabolic enzyme

A

DNA polymerase
joins nucleotides forming DNA

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9
Q

what does the catabolic enzyme do

A

breaks down starch into maltose

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10
Q

chemical nature of an enzyme

A

protein

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11
Q

shape/structure of an enzyme

A

chains of amino acids folded into a 3D globular shape

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12
Q

what is the specificity of an enzyme

A

enzyme has a specific shape that only matches with a specific substance (substrate)

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13
Q

chemical composition

A

C, H, O, N

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14
Q

formula for enzymes

A

substrate + enzyme=product

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15
Q

active site

A

the part of the enzyme where the substrate combines to the enzyme.

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16
Q

lock and key model

A

the substrate fits precisely into the active site of the complementary enzyme (forming the enzyme substrate complex) the substrate changes to products and are released

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17
Q

induced fit model

A
  1. enzyme is specific to one particular substrate
  2. substrate moves into active sight of the complimentary enzyme
  3. the substrate causes the active site to change shape slightly to allow for a perfect fit, forming the enzyme substrate complex
  4. substrate changes to products and are released
  5. active site of enzyme returns to its original shape so that it can be reused.
    + diagram pg 76 book 1
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18
Q

how do conditions effect how enzymes work?

A

they have certain conditions where they work best, this is known as their optimum activity

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19
Q

what are the 2 factors that affect enzyme activity

A

temperature and pH

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20
Q

optimum temperature

A

temperature at which enzymes work their best

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21
Q

what is the optimum temp for animals and humans

A

37

22
Q

what is the optimum temp for plants

A

20-30C

23
Q

optimum pH

A

pH at which enzymes work at their best rate

24
Q

what is the optimum pH for most enzymes

A

7-9

25
Q

what is the exception for optimum pH

A

pepsin-found in stomach- pH 2

26
Q

denaturation

A

when an enzyme has lost its shape and can no longer function

27
Q

factors effecting denaturation

A

if pH and temp change sufficiently from the enzymes optimum the active site irreversibly changes shape

28
Q

why can the enzyme no longer work if it is denatured?

A

if the active site has changed shape, the substrate cannot combine with the enzyme anymore and therefore can no longer function

29
Q

what temp causes denaturation

A

anything above 60

30
Q

what pH causes denaturation

A

anything out of the optimum of 7-9

31
Q

bioprocessing

A

reactions involving enzymes to produce a product

32
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms

33
Q

immobilised enzymes

A

enzymes that are fixed to each other or inert material ie a gel - unreactive

34
Q

what are the physical methods of immobilisation

A

absorption
enclosed by a membrane
Trapped in a gel

35
Q

what are the chemical methods of immobilisation

A

bonded to a support
bonded to each other

36
Q

what are the advantages of immobilistation

A

immobilised enzymes are:
easily removed from product
can be reused reducing cost
more stable

the efficiency of the enzyme is no effected

37
Q

uses of immobilisation

A

lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. these monosaccharides are used as sweeteners

penicillin acylase breaks down penicillin to form new anti biotics

38
Q

what are the 3 energy carriers

A

ADP, NADP+, NAD+

39
Q

what does ADP stand for

A

adenosine diphosphate
(di = 2 phosphates)

40
Q

what type of energy does ADP have

A

low energy

41
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate
(tri= 3 phosphates)

42
Q

what type of energy does ATP have

A

high energy

43
Q

what do molecules energy carriers do

A

they trap and transfer energy during cellular processes

44
Q

what does NAD stand for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

45
Q

what does NADP stand for

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

46
Q

what process is NAD+ involved in?

A

respiration

47
Q

what process is NADP+ involved in?

A

photosynthesis

48
Q

what energy does NAD+ have

A

low

49
Q

what energy does NADP+ have

A

low

50
Q

how is NADH formed?

A

when NAD+ combines with 2 electrons and 1 proton it becomes NADH

51
Q

how is NADPH formed

A

when NADP+ combines with 2 electrons and 1 proton is forms NADPH

LC Biology (34 decks)

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