Endocrine System Flashcards
function of the endocrine system
to produce hormones
function of hormones
regulate activities of various systems in the body
hormones
chemical messages produced in ductless glands carried in the blood for use in another part of the body
what does being ductless mean for hormones?
they do directly to the blood
chemical composition of hormones
proteins, CHON
endocrine glands
structures that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream
exocrine glands
structures that secrete substances into ducts
where is the adrenal gland located?
on top of the kidneys
what 2 substances does the pancreas secrete
insulin
pancreatic juice
what are the 7 major endocrine glands
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
islets of langerhans (pancreas)
ovaries + testies
location of pituitary
just below brain
location of hypothalamus
in the brain
location of pineal
in the brain
location of thyroid
neck
location of parathyroid
4 glands embedded in the thyroid
location of thymus
behind breast bone (disintegrates during puberty)
location of pancreas
under the stomach
location of ovaries/testies
lower abdomen/scrotum
hormone for pituitary
growth hormone
hormone for hypothalamus
ADH
hormone for pineal
melatonin
hormone for thyroid
thyroxine
hormone for parathyroid
parathormone
hormone for thymus
thymosin
hormone for adrenal
adrenaline
hormone for pancreas
insulin
hormone for orvaries + testies
oestrogen+ progesterone/ testosterone
function of oestrogen+ progesterone/ testosterone
control sexual developement
function of insulin
control blood sugar levels
function of adrenaline
fight or flight instinct
function of thymosin
causes lymphocytes to mature
function of parathormone
controls release of calcium from bone to blood plasma
function of thyroxine
controls metabolic rate
function of melatonin
biological rhythms ie sleep Activity patterns
function of ADH
osmoregulation
function of growth hormone
stimulate growth
composition of thyroxine
tyrosine and iodine
symptoms of thyroxine deficiency in children
low metabolic rates
retarded mental/physical development (cretinism)
symptoms of thyroxine deficiency in adults
low metabolic rate
tiredness
lack of energy
weight gain
myxoedema
what is myxoedema
swelling of the thyroid gland (goitre)
corrective measures for a thyroxine deficiency in newborns
levels tested in a heel prick test
thyroxine administered if needed
corrective measures for a thyroxine deficiency in adults
thyroxine tablets or iodine can be taken
surgical removal of goitre in extreme cases
symptoms of thyroxine in excess
increased metabolic rate
bulging eyes
constant hunger
weight loss
irritability
anxiousness
what is the name given to the condition where you have an excess of thyroxine
graves’ disease
corrective measures of an excess of thyroxine
surgically remove part of thyroid gland
feedback
when the level of one hormone controls the production of the other
negative feedback
occurs when an increasing level of a hormone in the blood stops the production of itself
give a detailed account of a feedback mechanism of thyroxine
if the level of thyroxine is normal it stops the pituitary gland from releasing the thyroid stimulating hormone and no more thyroxine is made
when thyroxine levels fall below the required level the pituitary gland produces more TSH
TSH causes more thyroxine to be made and released until levels return back to normal
give 2 examples of a hormone suppliment
insulin and anabolic steroids
why do humans take hormone suppliments
if they cant produce sufficent levels themselves
what does insulin treat and how
diabetes- by regulating blood sugar levels
what are the effects of low insulin
it prevents glucose from being used up for energy
symptoms of low insulin
high concentration of glucose in urine/bloodstream fatigue, weightloss
what causes low insulin
failed function of islets of langerhans
what tissue produces insulin
islets of langerhans
how are low insulin levels corrected
injections of insulin into the bloodstream or an insulin pump
what is the function of anabolic steroids
build up protein, faster recovery muscle after training
dangerous side effects of anabolic steroids
liver or adrenal gland damage, infertility, production of male traits in female users
what hormone are anabolic steroids similar to
testosterone
how to tell the difference between exocrine and endocrine
endocrine- d for ductless ie directly to blood
exocrine- has ducts
