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LC Biology > Human defence > Flashcards

Human defence Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing microorganism

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2
Q

immunity

A

ability to resist infection

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3
Q

name 2 organs in the human body which are specific to the immune system

A

lymph nodes
spleen

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4
Q

give 2 reasons why blood clotting is so important

A

prevents pathogens from entering the blood
prevents excess blood loss

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5
Q

what are lysosomes

A

enzymes that break down the bacterial cell wall

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6
Q

general defence system

A

the non specific methods used to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body and killing of those who do

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7
Q

specific defence system

A

the immune response, defends the body against specific pathogens that have gained entry to the body

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8
Q

what are the first lines of defence

A

barriers to entry of pathogens

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9
Q

name the barriers of entry of pathogens

A

the skin- physical barrier
oil sebaceous glands- prevent lodging of pathogens
mucus producing cells and cilia protect respiratory tract
lysosome
blood clots
symbiotic bacteria in the vagina form lactic acid which inhibits growth of pathogens

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10
Q

where are lysosomes produced

A

sweat tears and saliva

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11
Q

second lines of defence

A

inflammatory reaction
phagocytic white blood cells
defence proteins

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12
Q

inflammatory reaction

A

increased temperature, lots of white blood cells rush to area of infection

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13
Q

function of phagocytic white blood cells

A

scavenge around the blood and engulf any pathogens

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of defence proteins

A

complement
interferon

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15
Q

function of complement proteins

A

make a hole in bacteria fill with fluid and burst

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16
Q

function of interferon proteins

A

make surrounding cells resistant to a virus

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17
Q

name 2 places in the body where mucus membrane linings are found

A

trachea
nose

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18
Q

name 2 places in the body where acid is found

A

vagina
stomach

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19
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

to produce antibodies

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20
Q

antibodies

A

proteins produced by the body in response to an antigen

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21
Q

antigen

A

substance on the surface of a bacteria/ virus that causes antibody production

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22
Q

describe the antibody antigen response

A

every antigen causes a specific antibody to be produced
the specific antibody attaches to the antigen on the invader resulting in the destruction of the pathogen in 1 of 2 ways:
1. the cell wall becomes permeable and bursts and dies
2. a phagocyte recognises the antibody-coated pathogen and engulfs it

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23
Q

induced immunity

A

the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies

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24
Q

active immunity

A

when a person makes its own antibodies in response to foreign pathogens

25
Q

what is induced active immunity

A

when the body has learned to produce the correct antibody and the body remembers it

26
Q

how is induced active immunity made artificialy

A

vaccination

27
Q

vaccine

A

a non disease causing dose of a pathogen introduced into a person to induce an antibody response, leading to immunity to that disease

28
Q

passive immunity

A

when a person is given the antibodies that were formed by another individual

29
Q

is passive immunity long term or short term

A

short term- lasts until the antibodies are broken down in the recipients body

30
Q

examples of passive immunity

A

breastfeeding
tetanus shot

31
Q

immunisation

A

occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen

32
Q

give the precise location in the body where lymphocytes are produced

A

bone marrow/ thymus

33
Q

identify the type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies

A

plasma B

34
Q

identify the part of a virus that recognised by antibodies

A

antigen

35
Q

explain why antibiotics are not prescribed to cure COVID-19

A

it is a viral infection, antibiotics only treat bacterial infections

36
Q

name the 2 types of induced immunity

A

passive
actice

37
Q

give one difference between active and passive immunity

A

active- long lasting
passive- short term

38
Q

write a note on vaccination

A

vaccine= non disease causing dose of a pathogen
introduces the antigen
activates memory B + T cells
stimulates antibody production by lymphocytes

39
Q

explain why active immunity results in long lasting immunity

A

a person can produce their own antibodies and memory T remembers the antigen

40
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes that are produced by the body

A

B + T lymphocytes

41
Q

B lymphocytes

A

recognise one specific antigen and produce antibodies in response to that antigen

42
Q

which B lymphocyte specifically produces antibodies

A

plasma B

43
Q

what do memory B cells do

A

remember the antigen and can make the same specific antibody

44
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature

A

thymus gland

45
Q

function of T lymphocytes

A

they allow for a quicker more intense production of antibodies (THEY DO NOT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES)

46
Q

what are the 4 types of T lymphocytes

A

killer T
helper T
suppressor T
memory T

47
Q

function of helper T

A

recognise antigen, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activates killer T

48
Q

function of Killer T

A

stimulated by helper T
attack and destroy infected cells

49
Q

how do killer T kill infected cells

A

produce perforin which forms pores in the infected cell

50
Q

function of suppressor T

A

stop the immune response

51
Q

function of memory T cells

A

remember the antigen and allow for long term immunity
stimulates memory B cells

52
Q

outline how any 1 feature of the human general defence system works

A

skin is a physical barrier that secretes oil
mucus in nose and trachea traps dirt and dust

53
Q

why is a person more likely to pick up an infection in hospital

A

they are already sick
immune system is weaker
antibiotic resistance

54
Q

name a group of white blood cells other than lymphocytes

A

monocytes

55
Q

under what circumstance might an antibody rather than a vaccination be given

A

if the infection has already occurred or no vaccine is available

56
Q

vaccine

A

non disease causing dose of a pathogen introduced to induce an antibody response leading to immunity to that disease

57
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphocyte produced by the body

A

B and T

58
Q

where are B lymphocytes matured

A

bone marrow, spleen, tonsils and other lymph nodes

LC Biology (34 decks)

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