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LC Biology > DNA + RNA > Flashcards

DNA + RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity

A

the passing on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes

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2
Q

where is dna found

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

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3
Q

chemical composition of a chromosome

A

protein + DNA

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4
Q

what is the ratio of DNA to protein

A

dna 40% + Protein 60%

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5
Q

what is the protein in a chromosome called

A

histones

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6
Q

what is the function of protein in chromosomes

A

to keep the DNA tightly packed to fit in the nucleus

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7
Q

where are genes located on the chromosome

A

along the strands of DNA

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8
Q

genes

A

section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein

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9
Q

non coding DNA

A

DNA that does not code for the formation of a protein ie junk DNA

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10
Q

how much of DNA is composed of genes

A

3%
the rest is useless

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11
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

what are the 4 bases in DNA

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

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13
Q

What type of bonding joins the complimentary bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

Complimentary base of adenine

A

Thymine

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15
Q

Complimentary base of guanine

A

Cytosine

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16
Q

What is the shape of a DNA structure

A

2 parallel strands with several steps across

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17
Q

What is the function of non coding dna?

A

Unknown

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18
Q

What a nucleotide

A

A piece of strand that accompanies a base

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose
And a nitrogenous base Ie AGCT

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20
Q

Which part of a nucleotide has to be drawn in the middle?

A

Deoxyribose

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21
Q

What bases are purines

A

Adenine + Guanine

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22
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine + cytosine

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23
Q

Genetic code

A

The sequence of bases that give instruction to the cell to make a certain protein

24
Q

When do genes work

A

When they are sent into the cytoplasm using RNA to make a certain protein

25
Q

Where is protein made?

A

Ribosomes

26
Q

How many consecutive bases along DNA code for one amino acid

A

3

27
Q

What is a codon or a triplet

A

3 consecutive bases along DNA that code for one amino acid

28
Q

How many codes are in a gene

A

200 codes for up to 20 amino acids

29
Q

Replication

A

The production of an identical copy of DNA

30
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

Interphase

31
Q

What controls DNA replication

A

Enzymes

32
Q

What does DNA replication require to happen

A

Energy

33
Q

What is the process of DNA replication

A

-Double helix unwinds + helicase breaks bonds between base pairs
-free nucleotides move into nucleus and attach to exposed complimentary bases
-2 og strands act as a template for new DNA. 2 identical strands are produced
-the new double strands rewind forming a double helix
- one side of each new DNA molecule comes from the OG and 1 is new. Genes of each chromosome are the exact same

34
Q

DNA Profiling

A

The process of making a pattern of bands from a persons DNA to compare with other DNA patterns

35
Q

How do you prepare a DNA profile?

A

-DNA is extracted from cells by breaking cell membrane and isolating DNA
- DNA is cut into fragments by restriction enzymes
- fragments are separated by size by gel electrophoresis
- patterns are analysed and compared

36
Q

What are 2 uses of DNA profiling

A

Crime Ie biological samples like fingerprints
Medical ie paternity testing

37
Q

Genetic screening

A

The testing DNA for the absence of presence of a specific gene or altered gene

38
Q

Give 2 uses of genetic screening

A

To see if a person is carrying genes that may cause a disease
Or
To see if a person has one copy of a gene for a genetic disorder that they could pass onto their children

39
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

40
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA:
Double stranded
Contains thymine
Contains deoxyribose
Only 1 type

RNA
Single stranded
Contains uracil
Contains ribose
3 types

41
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA tRNA rRNA

42
Q

What are the 2 mains steps of protein synthesis

A

Transcription and translation

43
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

Nucleus

44
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Ribosomes

45
Q

What is transcription

A

The copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto messenger RNA

46
Q

What is mRNA’s function

A

Messenger, makes a copy of the genetic message

47
Q

Where does mRNA function

A

Nucleus

48
Q

What does the m in mRNA stand for

A

Messenger

49
Q

What does the r in r RNA stand for

A

Ribosomal

50
Q

What does the t in tRNA stand for

A

Transfer

51
Q

Where does rRNA function

A

Ribosome

52
Q

What is rRNA’s function

A

Used as a template to make protein
Used to attach tRNA to mRNA

53
Q

Where does tRNA work

A

Ribosome

54
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Places amino acids in correct sequence to make a protein

55
Q

What is translation

A

The manufacture of protein by converting the sequence of genetic bases from mRNA into a chain of amino acids

56
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

-mRNA moves into ribosomes
- mRNA forms a weak bond with rRNA
-tRNA is attracted to mRNA in ribosome
- after start codon, tRNA releases its amino acid in ribosome
-correct sequence and folding is needed for correct function of protein

57
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

-complementary RNA nucleotides join an exposed strands of DNA
-RNA polymerase join RNA nucleotides to form mRNA
-start codon begins the genetic info to be transcribed
-stop codon signals for genetic material to stop being transcribed and forms a gene.

LC Biology (34 decks)

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