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LC Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

cell continuity

A

all cells develop from pre existing cells, in order to do this all living cells need to divide

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2
Q

function of cell division on unicellular organisms

A

asexual reproduction

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3
Q

function of cell division in multicellular organisms

A

growth and repair of cells
sexual reproduction

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4
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

thread like structures found in nucleus

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5
Q

how many chromosomes are in each human cell?

A

23 pairs ie 46 total

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6
Q

composition of chromosomes

A

DNA and Protein

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7
Q

genes

A

lengths of DNA that code for the production of a protein

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8
Q

diploid

A

cells with 2 types of each chromosome

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9
Q

what symbol is given to diploid cells

A

2n

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10
Q

what are matching chromosomes called?

A

homologous pairs

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11
Q

haploid

A

one type of each chromosome ie egg and sperm

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12
Q

what symbol is given to haploid cells

A

n

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13
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cell cycle

A

cell division
interphase

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14
Q

what is interphase

A

the stage of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing

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15
Q

how much time does interphase take up

A

roughly 90%

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16
Q

what processes occur during interphase

A

cell growth
DNA replicates
organelles are made

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17
Q

make up of chromatin

A

DNA and protein

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18
Q

when is chromatin present

A

interphase

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19
Q

when are chromosomes present

A

dividing

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20
Q

differences between chromatin and chromosomes

A

CHROMOSOMES
tightly packed DNA
condensed thick fibres
cell is dividing
chromosomes are paired

CHROMATIN
unravelled DNA
elongated, thin fibres
cell is not dividing
chromatin not paired

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21
Q

mitosis

A

form of nuclear division in which 1 nucleus divides to for 2 daughter nuclei each with the same no of chromosomes and identical genes

22
Q

meiosis

A

form of nuclear division in which 1 nucleus divides to give 4 nuclei each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent.

23
Q

role of mitosis

A

growth and repair
asexual reproduction

24
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
(pour me another tea)

25
Q

chromatid pairs

A

all chromosomes replicate themselves before cell division. the 2 precise identical chromosomes are called a chromatid pair

26
Q

centromere

A

structure on chromosomes that holds a pair of chromatids together

27
Q

centriole

A

organelle in cytoplasm that produces spindle fibres

28
Q

spindle fibres

A

filaments that attach to chromosomes during mitosis to move chromosomes and pull chromatid pairs apart

29
Q

describe prophase

A

-chromosomes contract and become visible
-spindle fibres are forming
-nuclear membrane is breaking down

30
Q

describe metaphase

A

-chromosomes are line dup along the equator
-spindle fibres are attached to chromosomes at centromere
-centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell

31
Q

describe anaphase

A

-spindle fibres contract
-single strand from each chromosome pair is pulled to either pole of the cell

32
Q

which is the shortest phase

A

anaphase

33
Q

describe telophase

A

nuclear membrane has reformed
spindle fibres are broken down
chromosomes have elongated again
2 nuclei are formed that are genetically identical

34
Q

explain cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cell membrane drawn inwards at equator forming a cleavage furrow which eventually splits cell in 2

35
Q

when does cytokinesis occur?

A

straight after telophase

36
Q

explain cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate forms along the equator
cell plate divides the cell and middle lamella fills the region between the 2 new cells

37
Q

what are vessicles made from

A

cellulose

38
Q

what makes the cell plate

A

vesicles

39
Q

function of meiosis

A

sexual reproduction
variation in population

40
Q

list the differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

mitosis
2 daughter cells
same no of chromosomes in parent and daughter cells
daughter cells are genetically identical to parent

meiosis
4 daughter cells
half no of chromosomes in daughter cells
daughter cells are genetically different to each other

41
Q

cancer

A

a group of disorders in which a certain cells lose the ability to control the rate of mitosis

42
Q

how do tumours form

A

cells that lose control of their mitosis rate form a mass of cells ie a tumour

43
Q

benign tumour

A

non life threatening tumours. it is formed but does not invade or interfere with the functioning of other cells or tissues

44
Q

malignant tumours

A

this mass of cells may be harmful to other cells and tissues in the body preventing the efficient functioning of other cells

45
Q

metastasis

A

the movement of tumours through the blood system to another part of the body, further invading the body

46
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

a cancer causing agent

47
Q

give examples of carcinogens

A

UV rays, cigarrettes, vapes, tobaco

48
Q

treatments of cancer

A

surgery, chemo, radiation therapy

49
Q

why cant red blood cells undergo mitosis?

A

they do not have a nucleus and no mitochondria

50
Q

what type of division can haploid cells go through?

A

mitosis only

51
Q

what type of division can diploid cells go through?

A

both

LC Biology (34 decks)

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