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LC Biology > Monera > Flashcards

Monera Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what size are they

A

microscopic

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2
Q

are they uni or multicellular

A

uni

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3
Q

are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

what is their habitat

A

Occupy wide range of habitats - aquatic,terrestrial

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5
Q

how are they classified

A

based of on shape

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6
Q

what are the 3 shapes they are classified on

A

round, rod, spiral

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7
Q

what shape is Staphylococcus

A

round

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8
Q

what shape is E. coli

A

rod

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9
Q

what shape is cholera

A

spiral

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10
Q

what is a bacterias nuclear material

A

single chromosome of DNA

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11
Q

what is the function of the plasmid

A

contains DNA that enables resistance

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12
Q

do they have a cell wall?

A

yes

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13
Q

what is the capsule

A

slime layer for added protection

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14
Q

what is the flagella

A

tail like structure that allows for movement

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15
Q

what method of asexual reproduction does bacteria use?

A

binary fission

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16
Q

describe the process of binary fission

A

chromosome attaches to cell membrane and replicates.
Cell elongates and divides producing 2 identical daughter cells.
Reproduction very rapid - some reproduce every 20
mins

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17
Q

how do bacteria become resistant

A

New mutations can spread very quickly allowing bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotics

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18
Q

what is an endospore

A

In unsuitable conditions (unsuitable temperature, pH, oxygen saturation the bacterial chromosome can develop a tough outer wall (endospore) allowing it to remain dormant for a long time called an endospore

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19
Q

How does an endospore work?

A
  1. Chromosome replicates and endospore forms around one loop of on,
  2. Parent cell disintegrates leaving the endospore which can with stand extreme temperatures, pH, oxygen levels.
  3. When conditions are favourable the endospore absorbs water and breaks down and the bacterium forms again.
20
Q

what are the 2 main types of nutrition

A

-Autotrophic - organisms which make their own food
- Heterotrophic - organisms which take in food made by other organisms

21
Q

what are the 2 types of heterotrophic nutrition

A

saprophytic
parasitic

22
Q

saprophytic

A

(feed on dead sources, e.g. bacteria of decay)

23
Q

parasitic

A

take food from live host,

24
Q

what are the 2 types of autotrophic nutrition

A

PHOTOSYNTHETIC
CHEMOSYNTHETIC

25
Q

CHEMOSYNTHETIC

A

(use energy from chemical reaction e.g. nitrifying bacteria)

26
Q

photosynthetic

A

(use light,
e.g. purple sulfur bacteria)

27
Q

Factors affecting the growth of bacteria:

A
  • Temperature - most have optimum 20-30°C but there are some who prefer 0-90°C
  • Oxygen concentration -
  • pH = most operate at pH 7 and their enzymes become denatured outside that.
  • External solute concentration - if external solute concentration is higher, osmosis occurs.
    looses water + shrivel up and die in highly concentrated solution
  • Pressure - high pressure is a limiting factor for bacteria
28
Q

Facultative anaerobes -

A
  • survive with/without oxygen
29
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

can only survive in the absence of oxygen

30
Q

beneficial vs harmful uses of bacteria

A

Beneficial bacteria-›nsulin
* Bacteria such as Lactobacillus are used to convert milk to products such as cheese and yoghurt
“ Genetically modified bacteria e.g. E. Coli are used to make products such as insulin, enzymes, drugs, food flavourings
and vitamins

Harmful bacteria -›food spoilage
* Micro-organisms that cause disease are called pathogens
* Pathogenic bacteria cause disease in plants
* Food spoilage
* Disease in animals

31
Q

antibiotics

A

substances produced by micro -organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.

32
Q

uses of antibiotics

A

Used to control fungi and bacteria NOT VIRUSES

33
Q

causes of antibiotic resistance

A

. Bacteria can develop immunity (resistance) to
antibiotics by mutations
* Multi-resistant bacteria have evolved that are not affected by most antibiotics.
*not finishing a course of antibionics

34
Q

how does the overuse of antibiotics contribute to antibiotic resistance

A

results in the increased growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria
failure to complete a round of prescribed antibiotics allows for the bacteria to survive and regrow

35
Q

why is the flu not effected by antibiotics

A

Flu = virus therefore cannot be treated by antibiotics
- Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections

36
Q

what are the 5 stages of the growth curve in bacteria

A

lag
log
stationary
decline
survival

37
Q

describe the lag phase

A
  • no increase in numbers - bacteria adjust to environment
38
Q

describe the log phase

A
  • numbers increase very rapidly - optimum conditions allow optimum growth
39
Q

describe the stationary phase

A

no increase in numbers - growth rate balances with death rates - same no of births as deaths

40
Q

describe the decline phase

A

rapid fall in numbers - not enough resources to support growth

41
Q

describe the survival phase

A
  • some bacteria survive as spores
42
Q

Batch culture

A
  • A certain amount of nutrient is added to the micro-organisms in a bioreactor
    The bacteria go through the lag, log and stationary stages of growth
  • The process is stopped
  • The bioreactor is emptied and sterilised so that the process can be repeated.
43
Q

Continuous flow culture

A
  • Nutrients are continuously added to the bioreactor
  • Bacteria and product are continuously removed
  • The bacteria are maintained at the log stage of growth
  • Conditions in the bioreactor are kept constant.
44
Q

which is used more often? batch or continuous flow

A

Batch culture is used more often

45
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing organisms

46
Q

why do children get sick more often than adults

A

Young children have less exposure to disease Making them more susceptible to infection

LC Biology (34 decks)

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