Respiration Flashcards
respiration
the release of energy from food
aerobic respiration
the release of energy from food using oxygen
who uses aerobic respiration
humans, animals, plants
what are the products of aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide and water vapour
anaerobic respiration
the release of energy from food without using oxygen ie fermentation
who uses anaerobic respiration
bacteria and some fungi
what are the products of anaerobic respiration
lactic acid or
carbon dioxide + ethanol
balanced equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
what is the energy produced in respiration
ATP
what does ATP do in respiration?
it is readily available for the cell to use it for muscular contraction, cell repair, cell division ect
how many stages are there in aerobic respiration
2
what is the first stage of aerobic respiration called?
glycolisis
how is most energy produced released?
as heat energy from the liver
what happens in glycolisis
glucose (6 carbon molecule) breaks down into 2, 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate or pyruvic acid.
where does glycolysis take place
in the cytosol of the cell
what is the cytosol of the cell?
the cytoplasm without all the organelles
how much energy is releases in glycolysis
very little energy
is oxygen necessary for glycolysis to take place?
no- this is the anaerobic process
what is released during glycolysis
hydrogen atoms are released from glucose
the hydrogen splits into 2 electrons and 2 protons
1proton and 2 electrons join with NAD+ forming NADH and 1 proton is left over
where does respiration occur the most?
in the muscle and liver cells as there is lots of mitochondria
what are the names given to part 2
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
what happens in part 2
pyruvate enters the mitochondria if there is oxygen present
here the 3-carbon molecule is converted into a 2-carbon molecule called acetyl co-a.
the acetyl Co-A enters into the Krebs cycle
then the NADH moves to the inner membrane of the mitochondria and enters the electron transport chain
what is the fate of acetyl co-a
to enter into the krebs cycle when in the presence of oxygen
what are the 3 products of the krebs cycle
CO2
ATP
NADH
where does the krebs cycle occur?
the mitochondria
what happens in the krebs cycle
acetyl co-a is converted into CO2 and hydrogen.
CO2 is released and exhaled through the breathing system (alveoli)
hydrogen splits into 2 electrons and 2 protons. 2 e and 1 p join with NAD+ forming NADH and 1 p is left over
what is the main purpose of the electron transport chain
water is made there
what is the purpose of the ETCs being located in the infoldings of the mitochondria?
more surface area=more energy produced
describe what happens in the electron transport chain
electrons in NADH are released and transferred down the ETC
as electrons pass down through the chain, energy is released which is used to make ATP
at the end of the ETC the low energy electrons combine with hydrogen (from NADH) and oxygen (from inhaling) forming H2O
what process is used for anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis
what happens after glycolysis in anaerobic respiration
if oxygen is not present pyruvate cannot enter the mitochondria and will be converted to some other end products in the cytosol
fermentation
the release of energy from food in the absence of oxygen
what are the types of anaerobic respiration
lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation
what happens in lactic acid fermentation
glucose converts to lactic acid and very little energy
can be harmful to body - causes cramps
what happens in alcohol fermentation
glucose is converted into alcohol and carbondioxide
biotechnology
use of living things or their components to manufacture products
bioreactor
a large vessel in which microorganisms are used to make a product
what is a microbe
fermenting of food to produce a new food
explain bacteria in bioprocessing
microbe: bacteria
product: ethanol + antibiotics
use: beer, wine, perfume, to kill other bacteria
explain yeast in bioprocessing
microbe: yeast
product: ethanol, co2
use: beer wine, causes dough to rise
