Test Review 7 Flashcards
What does any acid contain?
Any acid has hydrogen.
What is the combustion reaction formula?
Combustion → ? + O → ? + H2O (balance)
What is the most abundant element in the universe?
The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen.
What are the primary uses of hydrogen commercially?
2 primary uses of hydrogen commercially are in water and hydrogenation.
What does hydrogenation involve?
Hydrogenation involves breaking 2 or 3 bonds to place hydrogen on a molecule.
What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?
The most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is oxygen.
What is an allotrope?
An allotrope is some physical state of the same element with different chemical properties.
What is the purpose of the ozone layer?
The purpose of the ozone layer is to protect from UV rays and the sun.
What is the primary component of air?
The primary component of air is nitrogen (78%).
What is nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen fixation is when plants take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to a useful form.
Which bacteria are involved in nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria called Rhizobium.
What are the three elements that make fertilizers?
The three elements that make fertilizers are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
What compound is most nitrogen used to make in the USA?
The compound most nitrogen is used to make in the USA is ammonia.
What is the process to produce ammonia?
The process to produce ammonia is the Haber process.
What industrial chemical is produced through the Oswald process?
The industrial chemical produced through the Oswald process is nitric acid.
What are some high-energy nitrogen compounds?
High-energy nitrogen compounds include nitroglycerin, TNT, and RDX.
What are the allotropes of phosphorus?
The allotropes of phosphorus are red (more stable) and white.
What is phosphate used for?
Phosphate is used for phosphoric acid.
What is the primary substance sulfur is used for?
The primary substance sulfur is used for is sulfuric acid.
What is the most reactive halogen?
The most reactive halogen is fluorine.
What ion is responsible for the disinfecting action in household bleach?
The ion responsible for the disinfecting action in household bleach is the hypochlorite ion.
Which group is always found in natural elemental state?
Noble gases are always found in their natural elemental state.
What are the isotopes of hydrogen?
The isotopes of hydrogen are protium and deuterium.
What are the characteristics of hydrogen?
Hydrogen is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and has 3 isotopes.
What is the natural process to produce oxygen?
The natural process to produce oxygen is photosynthesis.
What are the common ions of oxygen?
Normal oxide, superoxide, serovide
What is laughing gas used in?
Anesthetic
What is the most abundant element in Earth’s crust?
Oxygen
What process is used to mine or prepare sulfur?
Claus process
What is a characteristic of sulfuric acid?
Dehydrating capabilities
What color is chlorine gas?
Yellow-green
What happens during sublimation?
Straight from gas to solid
What is a primary use for fluorine?
Refrigerants
What is unique about PTFE?
Nonstick abilities
Which element is found in a significant percentage of medicine?
Chlorine
What are halons made of?
Bromine
What element is found in thyroxine?
Iodine
What color does neon emit when excited?
Pink color
What is a type of concentration in mineral processing?
Flotation
What metal is made in Earth’s crust?
Iron
What is the cheapest metal to extract?
Iron
What is the function of a blast furnace?
Hot oven for smelting iron, mixed with coke, forms slag on top
What is a potential use for slag?
Cinderblocks, concrete
What process is used to replace the blast-furnace method?
Direct iron reduction (produces sponge Fe)
What is steel made from?
Iron + carbon
Which metal is most reflective?
Silver
What is the most common ore of aluminum?
Bauxite
What is the thermite process used for?
To produce another metal oxide; very reactive
What is the primary use for lead?
Car/truck batteries
Why is titanium sought after?
It is lightweight
What is the primary use for silicon?
Glass and computer products
What is the most common silicate that causes lung cancer?
Asbestos
What are the three most abundant metals in Earth’s crust?
Aluminum, iron, calcium
Polymers of silicon, oxygen, and carbon are called what?
silicones
Mineral compounds containing metals and silicon-oxygen groups are called what?
silicates
Milk of magnesia is used in stomach antacid and laxatives is a suspension of what? -
magnesium hydroxide
Epsom salts are used in hot baths to reduce swelling are a hydrate of what?
magnesium sulfate
An expensive metal widely used in automotive catalytic converters, spark plugs, and surgical tools is what?
platinum
The nonmetal that exists in rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic forms depending on the temperature is? -
sulfur
A lightweight metal extracted from bauxite and widely used in aircraft, space craft, and beverage cans is?
aluminum
element that is produced annually for acid production
sulfur
steel is an alloy of iron and a small percentage of
carbon
gold and silver are usually extracted from low grade ores using the
cyanide process
laughing gas
nitrous oxide
element typically extracted from petroleum and natural gas using the CLAUS process
sulfur
brass and bronze are both alloys of this element
copper
process by which certain microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants
nitrogen fixation
the blast furnace is used to extract this from its ore
iron
the hormone thyroxin contains
iodine
deposits inside biolers, hot-water heaters, and teapots are often due to
CaCO3
most helium is extracted from
natural gas
group of elements that are found only as free, uncombined elements
noble gases
third most abundant element in the earth’s crust
aluminum
class of NONMETALS that are the most reactive
halogens
compound used in fertilizer manufacturing and is produced by the HABER process
ammonia
alkaline earth metal essential for bone and teeth growth
calcium
includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
halogens
includes platinum, silver, gold
precious metals
includes boron, silicon, germanium
semimetals
includes helium, argon, krypton, and xenon
noble gases
includes beryllium, magnersium, calcium, and barium
alkaline earth metals
includes palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium
platinum-group metals
includes lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium
alkali metals
hematite is the most common ore of
iron
borax is one of the most common compounds of
boron
the Hall-Heroult process is used to produce
aluminum
two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state
allotropes
lye and caustic soda are common names for
sodium hydroxide
water containing high concentrations of CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND IRON ions is called
hard water
malachite, cuprite, and chalcopyrite are ores of
copper
ozone is an allotrope of
oxygen
naturally produced noble gas than can diffuse into home basements and is associated with increased risk of cancer
radon
most reactive of all elements
fluorine
produced industrially by steam reforming of natural gas
hydrogen
semiconductor most commonly used to make computer chips
silicon
best explains why sulfuric acid can be used to measure the health of the US economy
sulfuric acid is used extensively in industry
is not an important nutrient contained in commercial fertlizers
oxygen
compound used as a contrast agent for x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract
barium sulfate
dense metal used in car batteries, weights, radiation shielding, and small-arms ammunition
lead
not a method of hardening steel
annealing
cheapest and most widely used metal
iron
used to make the windows in x-ray tubes
beryllium
primary component of window glass
silicated
not a physical characteristic of metals
poor electrical conductivity
very dense metal used in industrial counterweights, nuclear fuels
uranium
most malleable and ductile metal known
gold
nonmetal that does not have multiple allotropes at room temperature
hydrogen
not an ion of oxygen
ozone ion (O3-) (correct superoxide, oxide, peroxide)
exists as an unstable white allotrope and a more stable red allotrope
phosphorous
alloy of mercury with another metal
amalgam
form of iron produced by direct iron reduction
pig iron
most active ingredient in bleach
hypochlorite
salts of phosphoric acids are called
phosphates
science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use
metallurgy
additon of hydrogen to double or triple bonds i
hydrogenation
process occurring plants that continually replenish oxygen in the atmosphere
photosynthesis
second most abundant element in the earth’s crust
silicon
used as refrigerants and as an anticavity dental treatment
fluroine
used in bleaches, PVC plastics, medicines, pesticides, and water treatment
chlorine
used in deep-sea diving mixture sand nonflammmable lifting gas in airships and high-altitude balloons
helium
used in ammonia, artificial fertlizers, and explosive compounds
nitrogen
most abundant element in the universe
hydrogen
has the isotopes protium, deuterium, and tritium
hydrogen
two methods of refining steel
basic oxygen process (uses less electricity)
electric-arc furnace
common IONS of oxygen
oxide, peroxide, superoxide
10th most abundant element in crust
phosphorous
phosphoric acid is in
carbonated beverages
most stable form of sulfur
rhombic
sulfuric acid produced through
contact process
used to prepare suflur
Claus process
unique characteristic of sulfuric acid
dehydrating capabilities
straight from gas to solid
sublimation
unique about PTFE
nonstick abilites
found in 85% of medicine
chlorine
neon excited color
pink
steps of metallurgy
- concentration
- reduce
- refine
- shape
reducing means
adding electrons
a type of concenatration
flotation
main element in limestone is
calcium
4th abundant element in earth’s crust
iron
cheapest metal to extract
iron
blast furnace process
- get very hot oven
- throw metal
- mixed with coke
- forms slag on top,
- pig iron on below
uses for slag
concrete, cinderblocks
has replaces blast furnace process
direct iron reduction (uses methane to produce sponge iron)
steel =
iron + carbon
alloy steel=
iron + carbon + another metal
two processes to refine steel
basic-oxygen
electric arc furnace
relieves stress in steel
annealing, tempering, hardening
most frequently used for electric conductivity
copper
metal most reflective
silver
platinum group
rhodium, palladium, osmium
three most abundant metals in earth crust
aluminum, iron, calcium
