Section 2.1- Nature of Matter

Question 1

means out of nothing

Answer 1

ex nihilo

Question 2

the materials that compose the universe

anything that occupies space

Answer 2

matter

Question 3

matter may exist in

Answer 3

several states

Question 4

often the most important factor that determines the state of a given type of matter

Answer 4

temperature

Question 5

the effect of temperature on the state of matter is related to the _______________ of the particles

energy in motion

Answer 5

kinetic energy

Question 6

the temperature of matter is an indirect measurement of the particles’ average

Answer 6

kinetic energy

Question 7

most familiar states of matter

Answer 7

solid, liquid, gas

Question 8

characterized by a definite shape and volume, is very difficult to compress, and has particles that are packed close together and help rigidly

Answer 8

solid

Question 9

has a shape of its container, has a definite volume, is difficult to compress, has particles that are close together but free to move

Answer 9

liquid

Question 10

has no definite shape, has no definite volume, fills its container, relatively heas to compress, particles are far apart

Answer 10

gas

Question 11

when a substance reaches a certain temperature and the particles have enough kinetic energy to break loos from their rigid positions and form a liquid

Answer 11

melting point

Question 12

when a liquid is heated so that the particles gain enough kinetic energy to break away from each other, forming a gas

Answer 12

boiling point

Question 13

the fourth state of matter

a hot gas in which atoms are partially broken down to form charged particles, ions

Answer 13

plasma

Question 14

charged particles

Answer 14

ions

Question 15

a form of matter with unique properties that make it different from every other substance

Answer 15

substance

Question 16

the smallest particles

basic building block

Answer 16

atom

Question 17

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are

Answer 17

elements

Question 18

all elements are composed of a single type of

Answer 18

atom

Question 19

elements are arranged based on their properties to form the

Answer 19

periodic table of the elements

Question 20

groups of two or more atoms that linked by chemical bond to form distinct units

Answer 20

molecules

Question 21

two-atom elements are called

Answer 21

diatomic elements

Question 22

each element has a unique

Answer 22

atomic symbol

Question 23

introduced a system in which the elements were symbolized by letters

Answer 23

Jons Jakob Berzelius

Question 24

most abundant in the earth’s crust

Answer 24

oxygen

Question 25

the most abundant element if the entire Earth is considered

Answer 25

iron

Question 26

the most abundant element in the universe

constitutes an estimated 75% of the total mass of the universe

Answer 26

hydrogen

Question 27

a substance that can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler substances is a

Answer 27

compound

Question 28

the compound may be represented by a _____________

a grouping of symbols that tells what types of atoms compose the compounds and the number of each type of atom in one molecule of the compound

Answer 28

formula

Question 29

both elements and compounds can be described as _______________

has a definite composition

Answer 29

pure substances

Question 30

pure substances are _____________

they are composed of the same kind of matter throughout a sample

Answer 30

homogenous

Question 31

a substance consisting of two or more pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined

Answer 31

mixture

Question 32

consists of pure substances that are incompletely mixed

Answer 32

heterogenous mixture

Question 33

homogenous mixtures are

Answer 33

solutions

Question 34

a homogenous part of a system that s in contact with but physically distinct from other parts of the system

Answer 34

phase

Question 35

proposed the idea that matter consists of tiny particles of matter that

Answer 35

Democritus

Question 36

proposed a more extensive model of the atom

came up with atomic theory

Answer 36

John Dalton

Question 37

five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory

Answer 37

1. every element consists of indivisible, indestructible
   particles called atoms (FALSE)
2. All atoms of particular element have same size, mass,
   and chemical behavior (TRUE)
3. Differences in properties of elements result from
   differences in the atoms of the elements (TRUE)
4. atoms of the elements combined in a compound are
   combined in a definite ration (TRUE)
5. a chemical reaction is the result of rearrangement,
   combination, or separation of atoms (TRUE)

Question 38

the result of rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms

Answer 38

chemical reaction

Question 39

the first basic law explained by Dalton’s theory which states that the ratios of the masses of each element in a given compound are always the same

Answer 39

law of definite composition
or
law of constant composition

Question 40

the second law explained by Dalton’s theory which states that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed amount of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers

Answer 40

law of multiple proportions