Section 2.1- Nature of Matter Flashcards
means out of nothing
ex nihilo
the materials that compose the universe
anything that occupies space
matter
matter may exist in
several states
often the most important factor that determines the state of a given type of matter
temperature
the effect of temperature on the state of matter is related to the _______________ of the particles
energy in motion
kinetic energy
the temperature of matter is an indirect measurement of the particles’ average
kinetic energy
most familiar states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
characterized by a definite shape and volume, is very difficult to compress, and has particles that are packed close together and help rigidly
solid
has a shape of its container, has a definite volume, is difficult to compress, has particles that are close together but free to move
liquid
has no definite shape, has no definite volume, fills its container, relatively heas to compress, particles are far apart
gas
when a substance reaches a certain temperature and the particles have enough kinetic energy to break loos from their rigid positions and form a liquid
melting point
when a liquid is heated so that the particles gain enough kinetic energy to break away from each other, forming a gas
boiling point
the fourth state of matter
a hot gas in which atoms are partially broken down to form charged particles, ions
plasma
charged particles
ions
a form of matter with unique properties that make it different from every other substance
substance
the smallest particles
basic building block
atom
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means are
elements
all elements are composed of a single type of
atom
elements are arranged based on their properties to form the
periodic table of the elements
groups of two or more atoms that linked by chemical bond to form distinct units
molecules
two-atom elements are called
diatomic elements
each element has a unique
atomic symbol
introduced a system in which the elements were symbolized by letters
Jons Jakob Berzelius
most abundant in the earth’s crust
oxygen
the most abundant element if the entire Earth is considered
iron
the most abundant element in the universe
constitutes an estimated 75% of the total mass of the universe
hydrogen
a substance that can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler substances is a
compound
the compound may be represented by a _____________
a grouping of symbols that tells what types of atoms compose the compounds and the number of each type of atom in one molecule of the compound
formula
both elements and compounds can be described as _______________
has a definite composition
pure substances
pure substances are _____________
they are composed of the same kind of matter throughout a sample
homogenous
a substance consisting of two or more pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
mixture
consists of pure substances that are incompletely mixed
heterogenous mixture
homogenous mixtures are
solutions
a homogenous part of a system that s in contact with but physically distinct from other parts of the system
phase
proposed the idea that matter consists of tiny particles of matter that
Democritus
proposed a more extensive model of the atom
came up with atomic theory
John Dalton
five postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory
- every element consists of indivisible, indestructible
particles called atoms (FALSE) - All atoms of particular element have same size, mass,
and chemical behavior (TRUE) - Differences in properties of elements result from
differences in the atoms of the elements (TRUE) - atoms of the elements combined in a compound are
combined in a definite ration (TRUE) - a chemical reaction is the result of rearrangement,
combination, or separation of atoms (TRUE)
the result of rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms
chemical reaction
the first basic law explained by Dalton’s theory which states that the ratios of the masses of each element in a given compound are always the same
law of definite composition
or
law of constant composition
the second law explained by Dalton’s theory which states that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed amount of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers
law of multiple proportions
