Semester Exam Review Flashcards
which SI prefix means “one million” or 10^6?
mega-
which SI prefix means “one billionth” ore 10^-9
nano-
which SI prefix means “one millionth” or 10^-6?
micro-
meters in a kilometer
1000
a millimeter is what fraction of a meter?
1/1000
centimeters in a meter
100
a lowercase letter m is the symbol of which SI prefix
milli-
symbol for the prefix centi-
c
carbon
C
chlorine
Cl
aluminum
Al
hydrogen
H
oxygen
O
iron
Fe
potassium
K
sodium
Na
calcium
Ca
neon
Ne
Cu
copper
Ag
silver
Si
silicon
He
helium
Zn
zinc
Co
cobalt
U
uranium
Pb
lead
Hg
mercury
F
fluorine
subatomic particle of the atom that has no electric charge
neutron
phenomenon that consists of electrons flowing between electrodes in a vacuum tube
cathode rays
type of particle that nucleons are believed to be made of
quarks
if there is a + after an element, than there will one ______________ electron than proton
LESS
equation to determine number of neutrons in an element
N= A (top number) - Z (lower number)
proposed the planetary model of the atom
Rutherford
experiment used to determine the electron’s charge
oil-drop experiment
this value is the number of nucleons in an atom
mass number
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of nucleons
isotopes
the prefix deca- in a molecular formula indicates that ___________ atoms of that element are present in each molecule
10
hepta-
7
nona-
9
octa
8
compound consisting of two nitrogen atoms and four oxygen atoms is named
dinitrogen tetroxide
compound consisting of two nitrogen atoms and five oxygen atoms
dinitrogen pentoxide
compound consisting of a carbon atom and four fluorine atoms is named
carbon tetrafluoride
compound consisting of a sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms is
sulfur hexafluoride
diphosphorus tetraiodide
P2 I4
diiron hexachloride
Fe2 Cl6
hydroxide
OH-
nitrate
NO3-
chlorate
ClO3-
ammonium
NH4+
bicarbonate
HCO3-
sulfate
SO4 2-
carbonate
CO3 2-
iron (III)
Fe 3+
silicate
SiO3 2-
phosphate
PO4 3-
the principle requiring that chemical reactions be balanced is the law of conservation of
mass
a symbolic representation of a chemical reactions is a
chemical equation
when writing a chemical reaction, the _________ are on the left and the _____________ are on the right
reactants- left
products- right
A + B —–> AB
combination reaction
AB ————-> A + B
decomposition reaction
AB + CD —————-> AD + CB
double-displacement reaction
AB + C ————–> A + BC
single-displacement reaction
According to Boyle’s law, if the pressure upon a gas INCREASES, the volume will
decrease (indirect proportioned)
According to Charle’s law, if the temperature of a gas is INCREASES, the volume will
increase (direct proportioned)
if the temperature of a gas is increases while its volume remains constant, its pressure will
increase
in the ideal gas law, the constant R is the ___________
universal gas constant
According to _________________ law, equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure have the same number of molecules
Avogadro’s law
the acronym STP stands for
standard temperature and pressure
the molar volume of an ideal gas under STP conditions is about
22.4 L/mol
law that says that when gases react the volumes of reactants and products are in small, whole-number ratios
Gay-Lussac’s Law
the number of this type of particle identifies an atom as a given element
protons
type of chemist that would most likely study alcohols, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
organic chemist
indicates a chemical change
- change in color
- formation of gas
- formation of precipitate
group of two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds
molecule
relative charge of an electron
-1
developed the atomic theory of matter
John Dalton
a homogenous part of a system that is in contact with but physically distinct from other parts of the system
phase
a measure of the force of gravity upon an object is
weight
as the internal kinetic energy of a substance increases, the substance’s temperature
INCREASES
the discovery of the nucleus and the development of the planetary model of the atom were results of the
gold-foil experiment
the smallest particles into which a compound may be broken down without changing it into another substance are
molecules
the general term for techniques of separating liquids based on their boiling points is
distillation
an ion that 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 2 electrons is a
cation
best explanation as to why liquid becomes a gas at the boiling point
the kinetic energy of the particles is great enough to overcome their attraction of each other
term refers to the ration of an object’s mass to its volume
density
refers to energy that is possessed by matter due to its motion
kinetic
which of the three main particles composing that atom has the smallest mass
electron
value of Avogadro’s number
6.022 x 10^23
if the empirical formula of a substance is known, what additional information is needed to calculate the molecular formula
molar mass
unit that is equivalent to Avogadro’s number of objects
molle
set of symbols that tells how many of each type of atom are found in a molecule
formula
sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule
mass
the smallest particles into which an element may be broken down without changing the identity of the element
atoms
1 millimeter of mercury is equal to
1 torr
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
standard atmosphere equals
760 torr
the isotope that the atomic mass unit is relative to
carbon-12
standard pressure and temperature
273.15 K and 760 torr
number of atoms in exactly one mole of atoms
6.022 x 10^23
the instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
barometer
amount of force exerted upon a surface per unit area is
pressure
in the ___________ state of matter, particles have enough energy to move freely but not enough energy to overcome their attraction for each other
liquid
how closely a measured value matches the actual value is
accuracy
the dense central portion of an atom is called the
nucleus
the link between the microscopic and the macroscopic levels of chemistry is
Avogadro’s number
which law implies that at constant temperature and pressure, the molar volume of an ideal gas is constant
Avogadro’s law
negatively charged subatomic particles in an atom
electrons
the type of energy associated with motion is called
kinetic energy
the type of energy associated with the position of an object relative to the forces upon it is known as
potential energy
in thermodynamics, the portion of the universe of the sample of matter being studied is referred to as the
system
according to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy is the sum of
heat and work
the SI unit of work and energy
joule
the thermodynamic function denoted by the symbol H, which takes into account internal energy (E), volume (V), and pressure (P), is
enthalpy
a chemical reaction that can be summarized by the formula
reactants + heat ———————-> products is an
endothermic equation
reactants——————–> products + heat
exothermic reaction
heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a unit temperature is the
specific heat
