Chemistry Test 9 Review Flashcards
1
Q
most abundant element
A
hydrogen
2
Q
characteristics of hydrogen
A
highly flammable
odorless
colorless
tastelss
3
Q
hydrogen isotopes
A
protium
deuterium
tritium
4
Q
uses of phosphates
A
ammunition
soda
pesticides
5
Q
an alloy is
A
combination of 2+ metals
6
Q
processes to get iron ore to metal
A
- direct iron reduction
- blast furnace
7
Q
cheapest, most widely used metal
A
iron
8
Q
metals that last longer than iron because they form a skin
A
copper
aluminum
9
Q
means completely soluble
A
miscible
10
Q
surrounding in which the solution is not water
A
solvation
11
Q
separation after hydration or solvation
A
dissociation
12
Q
meaning of like dissolves like
A
more alike, more likely to dissolve (polar and nonpolar)
13
Q
delta H is
A
enthalpy
14
Q
when delta H is negative
A
exothermic (hot to the touch)
15
Q
when delta H is positive
A
endothermic (cool to the touch)
16
Q
ways to prepare hydrogen
A
electrolysis of water (in lab)
steam reforming (commercial)
17
Q
most abundant element in the earth’s crust
A
oxygen
18
Q
allotropes of oxygen
A
O2
O3
19
Q
substance with the same element but different chemical properties
A
allotrope
20
Q
resultant of oxygen used as reactant
A
combustion
21
Q
combustion always forms
A
CO2 + H2O
22
Q
ions of oxygen
A
O2
O2 -2
O -2
23
Q
78% of the atmosphere is
A
nitrogen
24
Q
nitrogen is made up of
A
triple bonds
25
uses of nitrogen
fertilizers and explosives
26
process plants use to take nitrogen and convert it to use
nitrogen fixation
27
process used for nitric acid
Oswald process
28
10th most abundant in the earth's crust
phosphorous
29
phosphorous allotropes
red (more stable)
white
30
sulfur allotropes
monoclinic
rhombic
31
primary use for sulfur
sulfuric acid
32
most reactive element group
halogens
33
most unreactive element group
noble gases
34
noble gas in lights
neon
35
use for fluorine
dentistry
36
present in bleaches
hypochlorite ion
37
halogen used primarily in medicine
chlorine
38
halogen used in halons
bromine
39
process used to extract metal
metallurgy
40
four steps of metallurgy
concentrate, reduce, retire, shape
41
vapor street lamps are made of
sodium
42
compound of sodium known as lye
sodium hydroxide
43
group of metals 2a
alkaline earth metals
44
elements found in hard water
calcium
magnesium
iron
45
4th most abundant element in earth's crust AND 2nd most abundant metal
iron
46
how is iron extracted
blast furnace
direct-iron reduction
47
processes to refine steel
electric-arc
basic-oxygen process
48
steel =
iron + carbon
49
use of copper
wiring
electric conductivity
50
the precious metals
gold, silver, platinum
51
the best electrical conductor
silver
52
uses of platinum
surgical instruments
catalytic converter
53
aluminum is refined by the
Hall-Heroult process
54
uses of lead
car battery
55
uses of uranium
nuclear fuel, armor-piercing bullets
56
element found in computers
silicon
57
main compound of borax
boron
58
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
59
separates ions
dissociation
60
separation of ions and the formation of new ones
ionization
61
affects the rate of solution
stir
increase temperature
grind
62
an increase in pressure of gas means a _____________ in solubility
increase
63
deals with the correlation of pressure and solubility
Henry's law
64
an increase in the temperature of gas means a ______________________ of solubility
decrease
65
adding energy means that kinetic energy
increases
66
when temp is increase the gas molecules move faster, making things ________________ to dissolve
harder
67
total heat liberated or absorbed in solution
enthalpy of solution (delta H)
68
two types of concentration
molarity
molality
69
molarity is
moles of solute/ liters of solution
70
molality is
moles of solute/ kg of solvent
71
adding water to decrease concentration
dilution
72
dilution formula
V1M1= V2M2
73
are dependent on the number of particles, not the particles themselves
colligative properties
74
colligative properties
boiling point elevation
freezing point depression
75
the measure of escaping tendencies of molecules
vapor pressure
76
adding a nonvolatile solute, makes the vapor pressure
decrease (escape tendency also lowers)
77
adding a nonvolatile solute requires more energy to escape, making the boiling point _____________ and the freezing point _______________
bp= raises
fp= lowers
78
when dissolved is capable of conducting an electrical current
electrolyte
79
any diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
80
solvent flow in osmosis
more dilute to more concentrated
81
tiny clumps or particles suspended; larger than the particles in solution
colloid
82
dictates the colloids ability to scatter light
Tyndall effect
83
random movement in a colloid
Brownian motion
84
examples of colloids
fog, milk, cheese, gelatin
85
ability to attract particles to surface of substance
adsorption
86
parts of a solution
solvent + solute
87
parts of a colloid
dispersing medium + dispersed substance
88
sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid
soap
89
soap's emulsified droplets
micelles
90
define reaction rate
change in molarity/ change in time
91
the collision theory states that as the number of collisions _______________ the reaction _____________________
increases
increases
92
different orientations of collisions
favorable- molecules break apart
unfavorable- nothing happens
93
lowers activation energy
makes reactions occur faster
catalyst
94
states of matter that are not affected by change in pressure
solids and liquids
95
when k > 1, equilibrium goes
right (goes to completion )
96
when k < 1, equilibrium goes
left
97
when k = 1, there is a state of
equilibrium
98
meaning of go to completion
reactants are faster than reverse
99
k expression
k = [products]^m/
[reactants]^m
100
chemical kinetics is based on
pathways
rate of reaction
101
chemical kinetics are based on the ____________ theory
collision ( ^frequency ^ collisions= ^reactions
102
delta
reactants ----------->products; the delta stands for the
transition state theory
103
with an increase of 10 C, the rate of reaction _____________, and the time is ________________
doubles
halved
104
the catalyst in the same phase as reactants
homogenous
105
a biological catalyst
enzyme
106
ceases chemical reactions
inhibitors
107
slowest step in reaction mechanism
rate-determining step (highest activation energy)
108
any equation that related reactant rate to concentration of products
rate law
109
reaction forward and reverse
reversible
110
two things occur at equilibrium
forward and reverse equilibrium
concentration remains constant
111
Le Chatelier's principle
1. increase in concentration= equilibrium shifts away from where added
2. decrease in pressure= equilibrium shifts to side with more moles
3. increase in temperature= equilibrium shifts away from "heat"
112
polymers of silicon, oxygen, and carbon are called
silicones
113
mineral compounds containing metals and silicon-oxygen groups are called
silicates
114
milk of magnesia, a suspension of ___________________, is used as a stomack antacid and laxative
magnesium hydroxide
115
Epsom salts, the hydrate of __________________, is used in hot baths to reduce swelling
magnesium sulfate
116
an expensive metal widely used in automotive catalytic converters, spark plugs, and surgical tools
platinum
117
the nonmetal that exists in rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic forms depending on temperature
sulfur
118
the lightweight metal extracted from bauxite and widely used in aircraft, spacecraft, and beverage cans
aluminum
119
most of this element produced annually is used for acid production
sulfur
120
steel is an alloy of iron and a small percentage of
carbon
121
gold and silver are typically extracted from low-grade ores using the
cyanide process
122
laughing gas, a compound used as an anesthetic in minor dental surgery, is
nitrous oxide
123
the element ________________ is typically extracted from petroleum and natural gas using the Claus process
sulfur
124
brass and bronze are both alloys of
copper
125
the process by which certain microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen to a from that can be used by plants
nitrogen fixation
126
the blast furnace is used to extract _____________ from its ore
iron
127
the hormone thyroxine contains
iodine
128
deposits inside boilers, hot-water heaters, and teapots are often due to
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
129
most helium is extracted from
natural gas
130
elements found in nature only as free, uncombined elements
noble gases
131
third most abundant element in the earth's crust
aluminum
132
class of NONMETALS that is the most reactive
halogens
133
the compound used in fertilizer manufacturing that is produced by the Haber process
ammonia
134
alkaline earth metal that is an essential component of bone and teeth
calcium
135
includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
halogens
136
includes platinum, silver, and gold
precious metals
137
includes boron, silicon, germanium
semimetals
138
includes helium, argon, krypton, and xenon
noble gases
139
includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium, and barium
alkaline earth metals
140
includes palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium
platinum-group metals
141
includes lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium
alkali metals
142
hematite is the most common ore of the element
iron
143
borax is one of the most common compounds of the element
boron
144
the Hall- Heroult process is used to produce
aluminum
145
two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state are
allotropes
146
lye and caustic soda are common names for
sodium hydroxide
147
water containing high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and iron (II) ions is
hard water
148
malachite, cuprite, chalcopyrite are ores of
copper
149
ozone is an allotrope of the element
oxygen
150
naturally produced noble gas that can diffuse into home basements and is associated with an increased risk of cancer
radon
151
most reactive of all the elements
fluorine
152
element that is produced industrially by steam reforming of natural gas
hydrogen
153
semiconductor the is most commonly used to make computer chips
silicon
154
sulfuric acid can be used to measure the health of the US economy because...
sulfuric acid is used extensively in industry
155
elements that are important nutrients contained in commercial fertilizers
nitrogen
potassium
phosphorous
156
compound used as a contrast agent for x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract
barium sulfate
157
dense metal used in car batteries, weights, radiation shielding, and small-arms ammunition
lead
158
methods of hardening steel
cold working
case hardening
quenching
159
cheapest and most widely used metal
iron
160
metal used to make the windows in x-ray tubes
beryllium
161
primary component of window glass
silicates
162
physical properties characteristic of metals
ductility
malleability
luster
163
very dense metal that is used in industrial counterweights, high-density armor, and nuclear fuels
uranium
164
the most malleable and ductile metal known
gold
165
nonmetal that does not have multiple allotropes at room temperature
hydrogen
166
ions of oxygen
oxide ion
peroxide ion
superoxide ion
167
element that exists as an unstable white allotrope and a more stable red allotrope
phosphorous
168
an alloy of mercury with another metal is called an
amalgam
169
the form of iron produced by direct iron reduction is
sponge iron
170
the active ingredient in bleach is the
hypochlorite ion
171
salts of phosphoric acid are called
phosphates
172
the science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use is
metallurgy
173
the addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds is known as
hydrogenation
174
the process occurring in plants that continually replenishes oxygen in the atmosphere is
photosynthesis
175
the second most abundant element in the earth's crust
silicon
176
used in refrigerants and as an anticavity dental treatment
fluorine
177
used in bleaches, PVC plastic, medicines, pesticides, and water treatments
chlorine
178
used in deep-sea diving mixtures and as a nonflammable lifting bas in airships and high-altitude balloons
helium
179
used in ammonia, artificial fertilizers, and explosive compounds
nitrogen
180
the most abundant element in the universe
hydrogen
181
isotopes are protium, deuterium, and tritium
hydrogen
182
two processes used to refine steel are
basic oxygen process
electric-arc furnace
183
the field of chemical kinetics involves
reaction rates
reaction pathways
184
category includes emulsions, foams, sols, and gels
colloids
185
mixture containing tiny clumps or particles that remain suspended within the mixture and will not settle out
colloids
186
a catalyst ....
1. decreases activation energy of a chemical reaction
2. increases the rate of a chemical reaction
3. does not affect the enthalpy of solution
4. may be classified as homogeneous or heterogenous
187
type of substance the scattering of light known as the Tyndall affect is characteristic of
colloids
188
means completely soluble in each other
miscible
189
when a liquid in a closed container reaches a state of equilibrium with its vapor, the
number of molecules evaporating and condensing are equal
190
the attraction of a substance to the surface of a solid
adsorption
191
total heat absorbed or released when one substance dissolves in another
ethalpy of solution
192
when a solution reaches a state of equilibrium, the amount of undissolved solid remains constant because
the rate of crystallization equals the rate of dissolution
193
colligative properties primarily depend upon
concentration of solution
194
in a solution of glucose in water, glucose is the
solute (dissolved)
195
increasing concentration affects the rate of reaction because
it increases the rate of reaction by increasing the frequency of collisions
196
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
solution
197
protein catalyst found in living things
enzyme
198
substance that slows the rate of reaction
inhibitor
199
a series of steps describing the way in which a chemical reaction proceeds
reaction mechanism
200
a chemical reaction in which the products of one reaction step cause another reaction to occur
chain reaction
201
a reaction in a proposed series that has a greater activation energy than the others and thus occurs more slowly
rate-determining step
202
the erratic movement of colloidal particles due to random molecular collisions that keep them suspended is known as
Brownian motion
203
substances that dissolve in water to produce ions that can conduct an electrical current
electrolytes
204
in an energy diagram, if the products line is lower than the reactants line, it is an
exothermic reaction
205
the minimum kinetic energy that a molecule must possess to undergo a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
206
tiny, emulsified droplets of grease or oil suspended in water by soap molecules are
micelles
207
a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible under equilibrium conditions is
saturated
208
when tow opposite processes continuously occur at equal rates so that they offset each other, the system is said to be in a state of
dynamic equilibrium
209
an ion or molecule surrounded by water molecules in aqueous solution is
hydrated
210
the quantity of a solute for a given quantity of solution or solvent is known as
concentration
211
in a chemical reaction, the change in concentration of a substance divided by the time for the change is the
reaction rate
212
a catalyst increases the rate of reaction because
it reduces activation energy
213
the meaning of "like dissolves like" is that
substances with similar intermolecular forces will dissolve in each other more readily
214
for every 10 C, the reaction rate will
double
215
in osmosis, the flow through the semipermeable membrane is from
less concentrated to more concentrated
216
a platinum mesh used to break down petroleum vapors into smaller molecules would be an example of a
hetergeneous catalyst
217
facts about the rate-determining step...
1. the reaction can proceed no faster than the rate-determining step
2. the rate-determining step is the slowest step of a reaction
3. " " should be the focus of any attempt to increase the reaction rate
218
more soluble in a nonpolar solvent
nonpolar solute
219
examples of colloids
aerogel
milk
smoke
220
when a solid is dissolved in a liquid solvent, does increasing the temperature tend to increase or to decreases the solubility of the solid?
increase
221
when a gas is dissolved in a liquid solvent, does increasing the temperature tend to increase or decrease the solubility of the gas?
decrease
222
term that refers to a solution that contains more solute than is ordinarily possible under equilibrium conditions
supersaturated
223
does adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid tend to raise or lower its boiling point
raise
224
the short-lived, unstable arrangement of atoms that molecules are thought to from s they collide and chemically react
activated complex
225
term that refers to a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
catalyst
226
does increasing the temperature of a liquid tend to increase of decrease its vapor pressure?
increase
227
does adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid tend to increase or decrease its vapor pressure?
decrease
228
KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE MOLARITY
M = moles of solute/ L of solution
229
KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE DILUTION
V1M1 = V2M2
230
KNOW HOW TO FIND NEW FREEZING POINT
delta Tf = (molality) Kf
* Tf = 0.00C - Tfinal
231
states that the greater the partial pressure, the greater the solubility
Henry's Law
