Chemistry Test 9 Review Flashcards
most abundant element
hydrogen
characteristics of hydrogen
highly flammable
odorless
colorless
tastelss
hydrogen isotopes
protium
deuterium
tritium
uses of phosphates
ammunition
soda
pesticides
an alloy is
combination of 2+ metals
processes to get iron ore to metal
- direct iron reduction
- blast furnace
cheapest, most widely used metal
iron
metals that last longer than iron because they form a skin
copper
aluminum
means completely soluble
miscible
surrounding in which the solution is not water
solvation
separation after hydration or solvation
dissociation
meaning of like dissolves like
more alike, more likely to dissolve (polar and nonpolar)
delta H is
enthalpy
when delta H is negative
exothermic (hot to the touch)
when delta H is positive
endothermic (cool to the touch)
ways to prepare hydrogen
electrolysis of water (in lab)
steam reforming (commercial)
most abundant element in the earth’s crust
oxygen
allotropes of oxygen
O2
O3
substance with the same element but different chemical properties
allotrope
resultant of oxygen used as reactant
combustion
combustion always forms
CO2 + H2O
ions of oxygen
O2
O2 -2
O -2
78% of the atmosphere is
nitrogen
nitrogen is made up of
triple bonds
uses of nitrogen
fertilizers and explosives
process plants use to take nitrogen and convert it to use
nitrogen fixation
process used for nitric acid
Oswald process
10th most abundant in the earth’s crust
phosphorous
phosphorous allotropes
red (more stable)
white
sulfur allotropes
monoclinic
rhombic
primary use for sulfur
sulfuric acid
most reactive element group
halogens
most unreactive element group
noble gases
noble gas in lights
neon
use for fluorine
dentistry
present in bleaches
hypochlorite ion
halogen used primarily in medicine
chlorine
halogen used in halons
bromine
process used to extract metal
metallurgy
four steps of metallurgy
concentrate, reduce, retire, shape
vapor street lamps are made of
sodium
compound of sodium known as lye
sodium hydroxide
group of metals 2a
alkaline earth metals
elements found in hard water
calcium
magnesium
iron
4th most abundant element in earth’s crust AND 2nd most abundant metal
iron
how is iron extracted
blast furnace
direct-iron reduction
processes to refine steel
electric-arc
basic-oxygen process
steel =
iron + carbon
use of copper
wiring
electric conductivity
the precious metals
gold, silver, platinum
the best electrical conductor
silver
uses of platinum
surgical instruments
catalytic converter
aluminum is refined by the
Hall-Heroult process
uses of lead
car battery
uses of uranium
nuclear fuel, armor-piercing bullets
element found in computers
silicon
main compound of borax
boron
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
separates ions
dissociation
separation of ions and the formation of new ones
ionization
affects the rate of solution
stir
increase temperature
grind
an increase in pressure of gas means a _____________ in solubility
increase
deals with the correlation of pressure and solubility
Henry’s law
an increase in the temperature of gas means a ______________________ of solubility
decrease
adding energy means that kinetic energy
increases
when temp is increase the gas molecules move faster, making things ________________ to dissolve
harder
total heat liberated or absorbed in solution
enthalpy of solution (delta H)
two types of concentration
molarity
molality
molarity is
moles of solute/ liters of solution
molality is
moles of solute/ kg of solvent
adding water to decrease concentration
dilution
dilution formula
V1M1= V2M2
are dependent on the number of particles, not the particles themselves
colligative properties
colligative properties
boiling point elevation
freezing point depression
the measure of escaping tendencies of molecules
vapor pressure
adding a nonvolatile solute, makes the vapor pressure
decrease (escape tendency also lowers)
adding a nonvolatile solute requires more energy to escape, making the boiling point _____________ and the freezing point _______________
bp= raises
fp= lowers
when dissolved is capable of conducting an electrical current
electrolyte
any diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
solvent flow in osmosis
more dilute to more concentrated
tiny clumps or particles suspended; larger than the particles in solution
colloid
dictates the colloids ability to scatter light
Tyndall effect
random movement in a colloid
Brownian motion
examples of colloids
fog, milk, cheese, gelatin
ability to attract particles to surface of substance
adsorption
parts of a solution
solvent + solute
parts of a colloid
dispersing medium + dispersed substance
sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid
soap
soap’s emulsified droplets
micelles
define reaction rate
change in molarity/ change in time
the collision theory states that as the number of collisions _______________ the reaction _____________________
increases
increases
different orientations of collisions
favorable- molecules break apart
unfavorable- nothing happens
lowers activation energy
makes reactions occur faster
catalyst
states of matter that are not affected by change in pressure
solids and liquids
when k > 1, equilibrium goes
right (goes to completion )
when k < 1, equilibrium goes
left
when k = 1, there is a state of
equilibrium
meaning of go to completion
reactants are faster than reverse
k expression
k = [products]^m/
[reactants]^m
chemical kinetics is based on
pathways
rate of reaction
chemical kinetics are based on the ____________ theory
collision ( ^frequency ^ collisions= ^reactions
delta
reactants ———–>products; the delta stands for the
transition state theory
with an increase of 10 C, the rate of reaction _____________, and the time is ________________
doubles
halved
the catalyst in the same phase as reactants
homogenous
a biological catalyst
enzyme
ceases chemical reactions
inhibitors
slowest step in reaction mechanism
rate-determining step (highest activation energy)
any equation that related reactant rate to concentration of products
rate law
reaction forward and reverse
reversible
two things occur at equilibrium
forward and reverse equilibrium
concentration remains constant
Le Chatelier’s principle
- increase in concentration= equilibrium shifts away from where added
- decrease in pressure= equilibrium shifts to side with more moles
- increase in temperature= equilibrium shifts away from “heat”
polymers of silicon, oxygen, and carbon are called
silicones
mineral compounds containing metals and silicon-oxygen groups are called
silicates
milk of magnesia, a suspension of ___________________, is used as a stomack antacid and laxative
magnesium hydroxide
Epsom salts, the hydrate of __________________, is used in hot baths to reduce swelling
magnesium sulfate
an expensive metal widely used in automotive catalytic converters, spark plugs, and surgical tools
platinum
the nonmetal that exists in rhombic, monoclinic, and plastic forms depending on temperature
sulfur
the lightweight metal extracted from bauxite and widely used in aircraft, spacecraft, and beverage cans
aluminum
most of this element produced annually is used for acid production
sulfur
steel is an alloy of iron and a small percentage of
carbon
gold and silver are typically extracted from low-grade ores using the
cyanide process
laughing gas, a compound used as an anesthetic in minor dental surgery, is
nitrous oxide
the element ________________ is typically extracted from petroleum and natural gas using the Claus process
sulfur
brass and bronze are both alloys of
copper
the process by which certain microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen to a from that can be used by plants
nitrogen fixation
the blast furnace is used to extract _____________ from its ore
iron
the hormone thyroxine contains
iodine
deposits inside boilers, hot-water heaters, and teapots are often due to
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
most helium is extracted from
natural gas
elements found in nature only as free, uncombined elements
noble gases
third most abundant element in the earth’s crust
aluminum
class of NONMETALS that is the most reactive
halogens
the compound used in fertilizer manufacturing that is produced by the Haber process
ammonia
alkaline earth metal that is an essential component of bone and teeth
calcium
includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
halogens
includes platinum, silver, and gold
precious metals
includes boron, silicon, germanium
semimetals
includes helium, argon, krypton, and xenon
noble gases
includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium, and barium
alkaline earth metals
includes palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium
platinum-group metals
includes lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium
alkali metals
hematite is the most common ore of the element
iron
borax is one of the most common compounds of the element
boron
the Hall- Heroult process is used to produce
aluminum
two or more forms of the same element that differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state are
allotropes
lye and caustic soda are common names for
sodium hydroxide
water containing high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and iron (II) ions is
hard water
malachite, cuprite, chalcopyrite are ores of
copper
ozone is an allotrope of the element
oxygen
naturally produced noble gas that can diffuse into home basements and is associated with an increased risk of cancer
radon
most reactive of all the elements
fluorine
element that is produced industrially by steam reforming of natural gas
hydrogen
semiconductor the is most commonly used to make computer chips
silicon
sulfuric acid can be used to measure the health of the US economy because…
sulfuric acid is used extensively in industry
elements that are important nutrients contained in commercial fertilizers
nitrogen
potassium
phosphorous
compound used as a contrast agent for x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract
barium sulfate
dense metal used in car batteries, weights, radiation shielding, and small-arms ammunition
lead
methods of hardening steel
cold working
case hardening
quenching
cheapest and most widely used metal
iron
metal used to make the windows in x-ray tubes
beryllium
primary component of window glass
silicates
physical properties characteristic of metals
ductility
malleability
luster
very dense metal that is used in industrial counterweights, high-density armor, and nuclear fuels
uranium
the most malleable and ductile metal known
gold
nonmetal that does not have multiple allotropes at room temperature
hydrogen
ions of oxygen
oxide ion
peroxide ion
superoxide ion
element that exists as an unstable white allotrope and a more stable red allotrope
phosphorous
an alloy of mercury with another metal is called an
amalgam
the form of iron produced by direct iron reduction is
sponge iron
the active ingredient in bleach is the
hypochlorite ion
salts of phosphoric acid are called
phosphates
the science of extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use is
metallurgy
the addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds is known as
hydrogenation
the process occurring in plants that continually replenishes oxygen in the atmosphere is
photosynthesis
the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust
silicon
used in refrigerants and as an anticavity dental treatment
fluorine
used in bleaches, PVC plastic, medicines, pesticides, and water treatments
chlorine
used in deep-sea diving mixtures and as a nonflammable lifting bas in airships and high-altitude balloons
helium
used in ammonia, artificial fertilizers, and explosive compounds
nitrogen
the most abundant element in the universe
hydrogen
isotopes are protium, deuterium, and tritium
hydrogen
two processes used to refine steel are
basic oxygen process
electric-arc furnace
the field of chemical kinetics involves
reaction rates
reaction pathways
category includes emulsions, foams, sols, and gels
colloids
mixture containing tiny clumps or particles that remain suspended within the mixture and will not settle out
colloids
a catalyst ….
- decreases activation energy of a chemical reaction
- increases the rate of a chemical reaction
- does not affect the enthalpy of solution
- may be classified as homogeneous or heterogenous
type of substance the scattering of light known as the Tyndall affect is characteristic of
colloids
means completely soluble in each other
miscible
when a liquid in a closed container reaches a state of equilibrium with its vapor, the
number of molecules evaporating and condensing are equal
the attraction of a substance to the surface of a solid
adsorption
total heat absorbed or released when one substance dissolves in another
ethalpy of solution
when a solution reaches a state of equilibrium, the amount of undissolved solid remains constant because
the rate of crystallization equals the rate of dissolution
colligative properties primarily depend upon
concentration of solution
in a solution of glucose in water, glucose is the
solute (dissolved)
increasing concentration affects the rate of reaction because
it increases the rate of reaction by increasing the frequency of collisions
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
solution
protein catalyst found in living things
enzyme
substance that slows the rate of reaction
inhibitor
a series of steps describing the way in which a chemical reaction proceeds
reaction mechanism
a chemical reaction in which the products of one reaction step cause another reaction to occur
chain reaction
a reaction in a proposed series that has a greater activation energy than the others and thus occurs more slowly
rate-determining step
the erratic movement of colloidal particles due to random molecular collisions that keep them suspended is known as
Brownian motion
substances that dissolve in water to produce ions that can conduct an electrical current
electrolytes
in an energy diagram, if the products line is lower than the reactants line, it is an
exothermic reaction
the minimum kinetic energy that a molecule must possess to undergo a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
tiny, emulsified droplets of grease or oil suspended in water by soap molecules are
micelles
a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible under equilibrium conditions is
saturated
when tow opposite processes continuously occur at equal rates so that they offset each other, the system is said to be in a state of
dynamic equilibrium
an ion or molecule surrounded by water molecules in aqueous solution is
hydrated
the quantity of a solute for a given quantity of solution or solvent is known as
concentration
in a chemical reaction, the change in concentration of a substance divided by the time for the change is the
reaction rate
a catalyst increases the rate of reaction because
it reduces activation energy
the meaning of “like dissolves like” is that
substances with similar intermolecular forces will dissolve in each other more readily
for every 10 C, the reaction rate will
double
in osmosis, the flow through the semipermeable membrane is from
less concentrated to more concentrated
a platinum mesh used to break down petroleum vapors into smaller molecules would be an example of a
hetergeneous catalyst
facts about the rate-determining step…
- the reaction can proceed no faster than the rate-determining step
- the rate-determining step is the slowest step of a reaction
- ” “ should be the focus of any attempt to increase the reaction rate
more soluble in a nonpolar solvent
nonpolar solute
examples of colloids
aerogel
milk
smoke
when a solid is dissolved in a liquid solvent, does increasing the temperature tend to increase or to decreases the solubility of the solid?
increase
when a gas is dissolved in a liquid solvent, does increasing the temperature tend to increase or decrease the solubility of the gas?
decrease
term that refers to a solution that contains more solute than is ordinarily possible under equilibrium conditions
supersaturated
does adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid tend to raise or lower its boiling point
raise
the short-lived, unstable arrangement of atoms that molecules are thought to from s they collide and chemically react
activated complex
term that refers to a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
catalyst
does increasing the temperature of a liquid tend to increase of decrease its vapor pressure?
increase
does adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid tend to increase or decrease its vapor pressure?
decrease
KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE MOLARITY
M = moles of solute/ L of solution
KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE DILUTION
V1M1 = V2M2
KNOW HOW TO FIND NEW FREEZING POINT
delta Tf = (molality) Kf
- Tf = 0.00C - Tfinal
states that the greater the partial pressure, the greater the solubility
Henry’s Law
