Test Review 02/17/2025 Flashcards
Which intestine has the most obstructions?
small intestine. Approximately 80% of all bowel obstructions affect the small intestine
Anatomically, the reason for most bowel obstructions.
The small intestine has the most bowel obstructions primarily due to its length and narrow diameter, making it more susceptible to blockages from adhesions, hernias, tumors, and inflammatory diseases.
Mimics Alcohol Intoxication
Hypoglycemia
the body’s action on a medication, how drugs move through the body, encompassing processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Pharmacokinetics
the effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment
Potentiation
An interaction between two or more drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug. can be beneficial or harmful.
Synergism
a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance.
Antagonist
Which of the following would be a method to calm a patient with a behavioral emergency?
Speak in a calm, reassuring voice. This method is the most effective and least harmful way to calm a patient with a behavioral emergency.
The most severe & common cause of hyperthyroidism. An Autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland hypertrophies, or enlarges as its activity increases. Produces a visible mass called a goiter, increased appetite, but significant weight loss.
Graves Disease
a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis A
a liver infection caused by a virus that is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal fluids.
Hepatitis B
virus that causes infection of liver, is primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, often via sharing needles or other equipment for injecting drugs, needlestick injuries in healthcare settings, or less commonly, through sexual contact or mother-to-child during childbirth.
Hepatitis C
liver infection caused by a virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood and body fluids.
Hepatitis D
A Physical tolerance to the therapeutic drug and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical
Habituation
a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences
Addiction
in drug use, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
Abuse
in drug use refers to the physical and mental symptoms that occur when a person stops or reduces the intake of a drug they are dependent on. These symptoms can vary in intensity and duration depending on the substance and level of dependency.
Withdrawal
In drug use refers to a reduced response to a drug after repeated use, requiring larger doses to achieve the same effect.
Tolerance
Sign that presents w/DKA, d/t ketones, can also be present w/heavy alcohol consumption.
Acetone Breath
Autoimmune, chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the digestive tract, causing symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss.
Crohn’s Dz
a condition where small pouches (diverticula) in the wall of the colon become inflamed or infected. It can occur when a piece of stool gets trapped in a pouch, allowing bacteria to grow
Diverticulitis
enlarged veins in the esophagus, often caused by increased pressure in the portal vein (portal hypertension) due to liver cirrhosis.
Esophageal Varices
a condition where open sores develop on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. It is commonly caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of NSAIDs
Peptic Ulcer Disease
What type of WBC is primarily responsible for allergic reactions?
mast, basophil, and eosinophils
bruising around the navel, indicating potential internal bleeding, often associated with acute pancreatitis or ectopic pregnancy.
Cullen sign
a clinical test used to detect gallbladder inflammation. It involves a physician pressing on the abdomen, specifically over the gallbladder area, while the patient breathes in. A positive result is indicated by pain and an arrest of inhalation when pressure is applied.
Murphy sign
the appearance of bruising on the flanks, indicating retroperitoneal hemorrhage, often associated with acute pancreatitis.
Grey turner sign
refers to the clinical presentation of a patient with uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding, typically caused by esophageal varices
Sengstaken-blakemore
pt who has exposure to a poisonous powder
Remove the clothes, brush off the powder, and shower
What setting does most surface absorption poisoning occur?
most common setting for surface absorption poisonings is manufacturing settings with chemicals.
Treatment for Organophosphate poisoning, SLUDGEM includes:
Airway & Suction
O2
IV
Atropine (though will not have enough to treat for long, or severe cases)
Cardiac Monitor
PSO2
Capnography
Rapid Transport
The overabundance of ACh in the CNS & PNS, causing an overstimulated muscarinic & nicotinic receptors, causing the body to react in a way that results in….
SLUDGEM
Exert toxic effects at junctions of the autonomic nervous system
Organophosphates
Organophosphates, major component in insecticides is what….
ACh inhibitors
Essentially, all body fluids: SAlivation, Lacrimation, Urine, Diarrhea, GI, Emesis, Miosis (constricted pupils) or Muscle twitching/paralysis
SLUDGEMS
Endometriosis
A disorder where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grow outside the uterus.
Causes pain and possibly infertility
What produces clotting factors and how?
Liver
Synthesizing hepatocytes
a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Can cause anemia, thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets), & leukocytosis (increased WBC’s).
The treatment, chemo, can lead to leukopenia (decrease in WBC’s) In acute leukemia, bone marrow is replaced by lymphoblasts, usually found by chance during routine blood exams. Fever, bone pain, diaphoresis, fatigue, HA, dyspnea. Airway support, IV fluids, analgesic therapy.
Leukemia-
Endometritis
The inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus.
Primarily caused by Bacterial infections
Ectopic Pregnancy
Occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus.
Typically in the falopian tubes, but can occur anywhere in the ABD cavity- dem bitches be floatin
can cause severe hemorrhage
Egg implants itself in the fallopian tubes. Egg grows. Ruptures. Pain. Then bleeding.
Infection of the female reproductive organs (uterus,fallopian tubes, ovaries) typically caused by bacteria that spread from vagina during intercourse.
PID
Conditions that Can occur as a complication of PID
Ectopic Pregnancy or Infertility
Dark Tarry Stools, Indicates upper GI bleed
Melena
Coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
blood in vomit
hematemesis
Bright red blood in stool, indicates lower GI bleed
Hematochezia
Called to an elderly male c/o diarrhea and vomiting. Pt reports his symptoms started after taking his morning ASA. Pt appears Cool, Pale, Clammy, and Tacyphenic, and responsive to verbal stimuli. You should…
A) administer antiemetic
B) rapid txp for blood administration
C) fluid challenge
D) administer mag sulfate
Fluid Challenge
is a severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. May present w/fatigue, sleepiness, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin.
Myxedema
How to manage DKA
Pre-Hospital setting, Airway, O2, IV fluids to correct electrolyte imbalances & acidosis, will need 1L per hour for the 1st few hours. Cardiac Monitor, DKA can lead to cardiac instability,
What s/s are associated with the Secondary stage of syphilis?
Skin rash on hands and palms and infection in areas of hair growth. Can occur while the lesion is still healing, or weeks after it’s already healed.
Occurs when fecal matter accumulates in the appendix. Builds up pressure. Pressure decreases flow of blood & lymph fluid, hindering bodies ability to fight infections. Build up of fecal bacteria and bodies inability to fight the infection, and over pressurization, will eventually cause it to rupture, causing peritonitis, sepsis, & death. Most commonly between 10-30yo, men more often. older adults that get it, have a higher mortality rate.
APPENDICITIS
What sphincter is between the stomach and small intestine?
The pyloric sphincter
What sphincter is between the small and large intestines?
Ileoceal sphincter
Where are internal and external anal sphincter?
End of the rectum
Which of the following poisonous critters can usually be found anywhere in the US?
Black widow & brown recluse spiders
How does activated charcoal actually work?
works by absorbing toxins, preventing their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Bonds w/and generally inactivates whatever it is mixed with.
Treatment for ASA OD pre-hospital
Maintain airway, supplemental O2, capnography, IV access, cardiac monitor. If BP drops, may need to adm intravenous fluids. If need for ventilations, ventilate at rate the pt was breathing. Failure to ventilate at the rate similar to the compensatory rate, may result in rising CO2 levels, that would worsen the acidosis. Med control may ask you to adm activated charcoal.
Definitive care for asa od
electrolyte correction, and possibly dialysis.
Difficulty breathing - Swelling of the face, lips, or throat - Rapid or weak pulse - Skin rash or hives - Nausea or vomiting - Dizziness or fainting
Anaphylaxis
Itchy rash with red spots and blisters - Fever - Fatigue - Loss of appetite - Headache
Chicken pox
a rash, mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, runny nose, and joint pain. Transmitted through droplets, cough/sneeze. 12-23 day incubation period, contagious up to 7 days after appearance of rash.
Rubella
Pain, burning, numbness, or tingling - Sensitivity to touch - A red rash that develops a few days after the pain - Fluid-filled blisters that break and crust over - Itching - Fever - Headache - Sensitivity to light - Fatigue
Shingles
chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
DM type 1
chronic disease that occurs when the body doesn’t use insulin properly.
DM type 2
Which OTC drugs is most likely to result in metabolic acidosis when taken in toxic dosages?
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Which of the following principles apply when assessing a behavioral emergency?
Check for potential medical reasons that could be contributing to the pts condition. Pupils (opioids, ICP), BG, fever, signs of trauma, tremors, needle marks, unilateral weakness, unusual odors (toxins, alcohol, DKA).
Be aware of your surroundings and dangers. Know where the exits are. De-escalate agitation. Speak in a soft, reassuring voice. Be calm & direct. Express interest in pts story. Avoid arguing. Be honest and reassuring. Don’t judge
is an organ located in the upper chest, under the sternum, and is part of the immune system. It is responsible for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for the adaptive immune response
Thymus
small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Pineal gland
small, pea-sized gland located near the thyroid gland in the neck, responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels in the blood by signaling the bones, kidneys, and intestines to maintain proper calcium balance in the body.
Parathyroid gland
butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck that produces T4, hormone that regulates metabolism, and calcitonin, which regulates calcium for growth and development.
Thyroid gland
Visible indication of pt mood is termed what?
Affect
Pancreatic duct and bile duct empty into duodenum through the…
Ampulla of Vader
Under which circumstance is it approved to remove relatives from the scene when assessing a pt having a behavioral emergency?
When the relatives’ presence agitates the patient.
stands for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin. infections can occur in different parts of the body and can be difficult to treat. It is commonly spread through skin-to-skin contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. infections can range from mild skin infections to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections.
MRSA
cramping during menstrual cycle
Mittelschmerz
menstrual cycle, discharge of blood & tissue, lining of uterus.
Menstruation
What increases the cell membrane’s permeability for easier movement of glucose into the cell?
Insulin
What stimulates the liver to take in more glucose to store as Glycogen for later use?
Insulin
What is the most toxic positive agent involving food poisoning?
Botulism is a rare but deadly form of food poisoning caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
Bowel obstruction would be best indicated by what s/s?
Bowel obstruction can be indicated by severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and an inability to pass gas or stool. Other symptoms include: bloating, feeling full, loud sounds from the belly, constipation, diarrhea, fever and dehydration
carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.
RBC’s
Helps maintain oncotic pressure and transports hormones, vitamins, and drugs in the blood.
Albumin
Assessing Pt co ABD pain, musculoskeletal pain, priapism, Pale and respiratory infection? What’s wrong with them?
sickle cell
You will see the typical signs of liver dz, fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, N/V. The rupture is sudden, dysphagia, vomiting bright red blood, hypotension, shock.
Esophageal varices
help in blood clotting to prevent bleeding.
Platelets
bodies that overwhelm the body’s ability to neutralize them, causing metabolic acidosis; this is further compounded by increased counterregulatory hormones like glucagon, leading to hyperglycemia and dehydration.
ketones
prevents cells from taking in the extra glucose
deficiency of insulin
When Cells are glucose starved, causing distress signals to go out to the
sympathetic nervous system
When body can’t use the glucose, it converts it to….
Fat
The metabolism of fat generates
acids and ketones as waste products.
Peeing a lot, losing sodium & potassium, causing….
electrolyte imbalances.
insulin deficiency leading to increased ketone production
DKA
the body’s physiological response to a toxic substance consumed through the gastrointestinal tract.
Ingestion Poisoning
Ingestion can include…
absorption of toxins into the bloodstream, affecting various organs, disrupting normal cellular function, causing symptoms ranging from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to severe systemic toxicity, and potentially leading to organ failure or death, depending on the substance and amount ingested.
also known as leukocytes, are part of your immune system that help your body fight infection and disease
WBC’s
When glucose levels are high, IoL secrete what into the bloodstream?
Insulin
secretes Insulin
Pancreatic Beta Cells
What stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose & secrete it into the bloodstream for energy?
Glucogan & Epinephrine from the adrenal glands
secrete Sometostatin. Someostatin inhibits the insulin & glucagon.
Pancreatic Delta Cells
When the body’s blood glucose levels fall, what is secreted to raise the glucose level?
Glucagon
Cessation of ovarian function & menstrual cycle, late 40’s to early 50’s.
Menopause
Early signs of appendicitis include
periumbilical pain, N/V, fever, loss of appetite.
A clinical test where the pt stands on their toes & then quickly drops to their heels, causing “jarring”, eliciting pain in the inflamed area. Commonly used to indicate appendicitis.
Markel heel drop test
When the appendicitis is “Ripe”
pain in RLQ, McBurney’s point.
initial decrease in pain, generalized severe pain, rebound tenderness.
When the appendix “Ruptures”
A clinical test that involves applying deep pressure to the LLQ to elicit pain in the RLQ, which is a sign of acute appendicitis.
Rosvics sign
Cessation of Menses, usually caused by pregnancy
Amenorrhea
Pre-hospital treatment for Appendicitis includes
analgesics & antiemetics, if needed. High potential for shock, and treatment for shock, if it has ruptured.
Onset of 1st menses
Menarche
Skin rash on hands and palms and infection in areas of hair growth. Can occur while the lesion is still healing, or weeks after it’s already healed.
s/s are associated with the Secondary stage of syphilis?
The study of toxic/poisonous substances.
Toxicology
a type of cancer that develops in plasma cells, which are B cells in the bone marrow. It increases abnormally, causing tumors in the bone. Be vigilant in standard precautions, as not to expose them to potential infections.
Multiple Myeloma
a substance whose chemical action could damage structures or impair function when introduced to the body.
Poison
a substance that has some therapeutic effect (reducing inflammation, euphoria, fighting bacteria) when taking in the appropriate way.
Drug
the pancreas secretes 3 hormones from the group of cells called the islets of Langerhans. Islet of Langerhans acts as an “organ (IoL) within an organ (P).
endocrine gland
a rare, inherited bleeding disorder that prevents blood from clotting properly. may bleed more easily and for longer periods of time.
Hemophilia
What sphincter is between the esophagus and stomach?
Lower esophagus sphincter
the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct as an….
exocrine gland
Which of the following is the most important consideration regarding verbal techniques when managing the emotionally disturbed pt?
Use calm, reassuring language, actively listen, ask questions that encourage a pt to elaborate on their thoughts and feelings, validate their feelings without judgement.
What sphincter is between the pharynx and esophagus
Upper esophageal sphincter
exocrine & endocrine gland
Pancreas
Pancreatic Alpha Cells secrete
Glucagon
What is a Thyroid storm?
thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition caused by an excessive amount of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an extreme case of hyperthyroidism. Usually triggered by a stressful event. May present w/fever, tachycardia, N/V, AMS, possibly heart failure.
Which of the stages of syphilis typically begins 5-6 wks after the chancre has healed?
Second stage: This is the secondary stage of syphilis, which typically begins 5-6 weeks after the chancre has healed. It is characterized by skin rashes, patchy hair loss, swollen lymph nodes, and mucous membrane lesions.
What is tearing in upper abd quadrants indicate?
AAA
Hematochezia stool color and condition
Red blood in stool (lower GI bleed)
Melena stool- color and condition
dark, tarry (Upper GI bleed)
Steatorrhea stool- color and condition
Foamy, foul smelling, yellow/gray, oily (liver or pancreas dz)
How does the endocrine system regulate body function?
The endocrine system regulates body function by releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs and tissues to influence various physiological processes
Face Masks are titled w/a letter and number. What do each mean?
The letter represents whether is is oil resistant or not
P/R - Oil resistent
N - Not oil resistent
The number represents the percentage of particles it blocks
95 - 95%
100 - 99.97-100%
Alcoholic stool- color and condition
tan-colored, formed, but soft (liver dz, liver produces bile, this stool is lacking the bile that gives stool its dark color)
The endocrine system regulates body function by releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs and tissues to influence various physiological processes
Most important piece of information to obtain at an OD of acetaminophen at the scene?
Time it was ingested, and then amount ingested. Antidote is based on the amount of time since ingestion, should be adm within 8hrs.
a rare endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands d/t atrophy or destruction of both adrenal glands, fail to produce sufficient amounts of the hormones, Cortisol (metabolism, BP, Immune), Aldosterone (salt/water balance), Epi/Norepi.
Addison’s Disease
Filters 95% of airborne particles, but is not resistant to oil based aerosols. Is sufficient in protecting against viruses and bacteria in droplet form. Avoid masks w/an exhalation valve. Not suited for worksites that involve lead, oil, gases, or asbestos. Particles as low as 0.3 microns can be filtered. Flow rate is 85LPM.
N95
Particulate filtering face mask, filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles, is strongly resistant to oil based aerosols. Particles as low as 0.3 microns can be filtered. Flow rate is 47.5LPM.
P100
a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread activation of the blood clotting system, thrombin & fibrin increases, platelets begin to aggregate (gather/combine) leading to breakdown of fibrin clots, leading to severe reduction in clotting factors, occurs owing to excessive bleeding (trauma, childbirth)
DIC
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the body. Metabolism is disturbed & cause BG to rise. Body proteins breakdown, leads to loss of muscle fiber. Bones become weaker. See also “moon face, Buffalo hump and stretch marks on the abdomen.
First part of the GI tract
mouth
The first part of the large intestine that connects to the small intestine
Cecum
The cecum is followed by the…
Ascending Colon
After the acending colon, the … colon comes next.
Transverse
After the transverse colon, Comes the…
Defending colon.
After the defending colon is the
Sigmoid colon
The Last part of the GI tract
rectum
Third part of the small intestine
Ileum
The stomach leads into the initial part of the…
Small intestine
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum
Second part of the small intestine
Jejunum
The food follows the Esophagus and goes through the… sphincter..
Lower esophageal sphincter
S/S of what type of toxicity?
Elevated HR/BP
Warm/Dry
Dilated Pupils
Anticholinergics
Atropine, Scopolamine, Antihistamines
S/S of toxicity of what?
Pinpoint Pupils
Diaphoresis
Increased bowel sounds
Cholinergics
Organic Phosphorus
Carbamates
Mushrooms
S/S of toxicity of what?
Decreased HR/BP
Decreased RR
Cool/Dry
Pinpoint Pupils
Opioids
Morphine
Codeine
Tramadol
Heroin
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
S/S of toxicity of what?
Elevated HR/BP
Elevated RR
Warm/Diaphoretic
Dilated Pupils
Increased Bowel Sounds
Sympathomemetics
Caffeine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Ritalin
LSD
MDMA
Theophylline
S/S of toxicity of what?
Decreased HR/BP
Decreased RR
Cool/Dry
Sedative-Hypnotics
Anti-Anxiety agents
Muscle Relaxers
Anti-epileptic Agents
Barbiturates
Preanesthetic
From the mouth the food goes where?
Pharynx
After food goes through the lower esophageal sphincter, it flows into the…
Stomach
After the Pharynx..
Is the Esophagus
When would it be legal to transport a pt having a behavioral emergency, even though they are refusing transport?
Transporting a patient who is experiencing a behavioral emergency, despite their refusal, can be legally justified under certain conditions. These conditions generally revolve around the patient’s capacity to make informed decisions and the potential risk they pose to themselves or others. Lack of capacity, Imminent risk, legal authority and court order all fall under this.
Positioning for various different conditions.
ICP - Supine
Hemorrhagic Stroke - Semi Fowler’s (High BP & HR, narrow pulse pressure)
Respiratory Distress - Fowler’s
Preganacy - L Lateral Recumbent
GI TRACT IN ORDER
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium
Cecum
As. Colon
Tran. Colon
Des.Colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
