Ch 25 Hematologic Emergencies Flashcards
Disease processes that breakdown RBC’s
Hemolytic Disorders
Bleeding and Clotting abnormalities
Hemostatic Disorders
Total body weight in fluids is approx 5-6L, how much of that fluid is plasma?
8%
Primary Function of blood (pg 1536)
Carry O2 & nutrients to cells
Transport CO2 & nitro from cells to lungs and kidney to dispose of
Carry hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
Regulate body temp
Regulate pH
Keep electrolytes balanced
Regulate immune system through WBC’s & antibodies
Form clots through platelets
2 main components of blood
Plasma accounts for 55% of total blood volume: it is 92% water, 8% proteins, electrolytes, glucose, clotting factors
Formed Elements is 45% of total blood volume: it is 99% RBC’s, 1% WBC’s & Platelets
Refers to the secretion of antibodies called immunoglobulins, which recognizes a specific antigen.
Humoral Immunity
Macrophages & T cells attack & destroy pathogens or foreign substances
Cell-mediated immunity
Derived from stem cells, have an average of 7-10 days, 2/3 circulate the body, the rest is stored in the spleen.
Platelets
What is responsible for clotting of the blood?
Platelets
Condition in which the body produces too many platelets, which can lead to dangerous clotting conditions, such as thrombosis
Thrombocytosis
Primary site for cell production
Bone Marrow (long bones, pelvis, skull, & vertebrae)
Which organ produces the clotting factors found in blood?
Liver.
It also breaks down old RBC’s and turns them into bile.
Organ vital for breaking down RBC’s, producing lymphocytes, stores 1/3 of body’s platelets.
Spleen
Genetic disorder that is identified by the abnormal, oblong shape of the RBC’s. This shape makes the RBC’s poor carriers of O2, making them highly susceptible to hypoxia.
Sickle Cell Disease
Potential S/S of Sickle Cell emergency
Pain, fatigue, pale or jaundice skin, SOB, fever
Hemophilia
Polycythemia
Medical Care for Pts w/suspected blood disorder related complaints
O2
Fluids
EKG
Transport
Comfort
Pharmacology (pain meds)
Psychological Support
Life expectancy for someone w/ Sickle Cell Disease
40’s
The odd shape of “sickle cells” could become lodged within small blood vessels, causing a thrombosis. This crisis occurs when blood flow to and organ becomes restricted, causing pain, ischemia, and organ damage.
Vasoocclusive Crisis
Considered a vasoocclusive crisis that presents to the lungs. Could have CP, fever, SOB, cough.
Acute Chest Syndrome
This is a life threatening complication of Sickle Cell, when blood flow is cut off to the spleen, trapping blood within the spleen, resulting in a hard, painful, bloated abdomen. Pt can also present w/weakness, pallor, tachypenia, tachycaridia.
Splenic Sequestration Crisis
Treatment for sickle cell crisis involves…..
Keeping pt warm, cold can increase suckling of cells
O2, d/t perfusion being decreased by sickled cells
IV fluids, to help flush damaged cells from the organs
Pain Management
Hemoglobin or RBC’s at decreased levels in the blood, commonly associated with/an underlying condition or acute blood loss
Anemia
Most common type of anemia, typically caused from GI bleeds or menstrual bleeding in females
Iron-deficiency anemia
S/S of someone w/anemia or low hemoglobin levels
Fatigue
SOB
Pallor
Conditions that can result in more frequent infections, fevers, cutaneous bleeding and nosebleeds
Leukopenia (decrease in WBC production)
Thrombocytopenia (decrease in RBC production)
Treatment for someone with anemia
O2, decreased RBC’s & hemoglobin, mean decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Malignancies of the lymph nodes and/or spleen.
Lymphomas - usually characterized by swollen lymph nodes.
1.) Non-Hodgkin
2.) Hodgkin
Overabundance of RBC’s, resulting in blood viscosity & volume
Polycythemia
Hyperviscosity increases the potential for ……
Thrombus Formation
Stroke
MI
Polycythemia pts may present with….
AMS (CVA)
Respiratory distress
Tachycardia
Condition in which massive injury or trauma, uncontrolled bleeding, your body loses all the fibrin and becomes unable to clot
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Bleeding disorder in which clotting does not occur or is insufficient.
Hemophilia
A common and major cause of death for pts w/hemophilia.
Spontaneous Intracranial bleeding
Cancer of bone marrow
Multiple Myeloma
Highly complex process that allows the body to stop bleeding, coagulation, and platelet plugging.
Hemostasis
Why do you have to pee when you get cold?
Baroreceptors
Vasoconstriction, When blood shunts blood from skin, raises BP, something else
To maintain BP
But i didn’t catch all that was said. Have no idea what he’s talking about.
Can become any type of cell
Stem Cells
RBC production is stimulated by….
Erythropoietin
Breaks down RBC’s and converts them into bile
Liver
When a pt receives a blood type different than his/her own, ca cause anaphylactic reactions, happens rapidly & causes circulatory collapse
Transfusion Reactions
Can only receive O- blood?
O-
Complications of Transfusion Incompatibility
Hemolytic reaction
Febrile Reaction
Allergic Reation
Lung injury
Circulatory Overlaod
Bacterial Infection
