Chapter 22 GU/Renal Flashcards
urinary system
●Filters blood and removes metabolic wastes
●Manages concentrations of electrolytes
●Maintains acid-base balance in the bloodstream
●Regulates fluid volume and blood pressure
renal disorders:
●Kidney failure (most common) (caused by DM)
●Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones or renal calculi) (sugar)
●Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
●Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
Nephron composition:
Glomerulus
●Glomerular (Bowman) capsule
●Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
●Loop of Henle
●Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Difficult to determine source of pain
●Bacterial infection
●Extension of ureter by a kidney stone
●Prostate enlargement
Rhabdomyosis
Renal failure do to muscle damage, production of myoglobulin, clogs glomerus in kidneys
How much urine do kidneys produce in 1 hour?
70ml
RAAS
Kidney releases Renin to blood
Blood converts Renin to Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 to lungs
Lungs convert A1 to A2
A2 vascontsricts, increases BP, Arterioles close down
Body needs to retain sodium
Liver releases aldosterone to retain sodium
Pathophysiology of UTI
●Definitive treatment requires antibiotics.
●Usually develop in lower urinary tract
●More common in women
●Spread if untreated
Signs/Symptoms of:
●Painful urination
●Frequent urges to urinate
●Difficulty urinating
●Pain
● Appears restless and uncomfortable
● Vitals Signs based on degree of illness
● Common cause of sepsis in geriatrics
UTI -
Males in their 50’s, more common, than females in 50’s
In geriatrics, more common in females.
Signs/Symptoms Of:
●Kidney stones (renal calculi)
●Acute kidney injury
●Benign prostate hypertrophy
●Urethral obstructions
●Urinary tract infections
●Nerve damage
urinary retention
How much urine do kidney’s produce a day?
500ml daily
When you don’t produce enough urine a day
Oliguria
S/S of:
●Generalized edema
●Acid buildup
●High levels of nitrogenous and metabolic wastes in the blood
Acute Kidney Injury
Untreated AKI could cause:
●Volume overload
●Hyperkalemia
●Uremia
●Metabolic acidosis
Chronic Kidney Disease
●Inadequate kidney function caused by the permanent loss of nephrons
●Scarring occurs as the damaged nephrons cease to function.
●Uremia and azotemia develop.
●Systematic complications develop.
Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease
●Inadequate kidney function caused by the permanent loss of nephrons
●Scarring occurs as the damaged nephrons cease to function.
●Uremia and azotemia develop.
●Systematic complications develop.
End-Stage Renal Disease
●Result of untreated acute or chronic kidney disease
●Kidneys lose all ability to function.
●Toxic waste materials build up in blood.
●Fatal unless treated by dialysis or renal transplant
S/S of ESRD
●Signs and symptoms:
●Uremic frost
●Muscle twitching
●Coagulopathy
●Chest pain
●In the late stages, ESRD may produce:
●Confusion
●Seizures
●Coma
S/S following dialysis
●Weakness
●Dehydration
●Muscle cramps
●Nausea and vomiting
●Infections at the fistula or shunt site
Complications of Dialysis:
●Hypotension and shock
●Potassium imbalance
●Disequilibrium syndrome
●Air embolism
2 types of dialysis
●Peritoneal dialysis
●Hemodialysis
●Filtering the blood of its toxic wastes
●Removing excess fluid
●Restoring the normal balance of electrolytes
Dialysis???
Dialysis done in hospital, community dialysis facility, or at home
●Process every 2 or 3 days for 3 to 5 hours
Peritoneal dialysis
●CAPD
●APD
Complications of dialysis:
●Human error
●Cannulation of shunt
●Connection/disconnection of machine
●Muscle cramps
●Nausea and vomiting
●Infections at the fistula or shunt site
●Hypotension and shock
●Potassium imbalance
●Disequilibrium syndrome
●Air embolism
