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ADV. Human Phys > Test 5 Study Guide Part 2 > Flashcards

Test 5 Study Guide Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s law:

  • Define:
  • Relation to lungs:
A
  • Define:
    P1V1 = P2V2
  • Relation to lungs:
    Increasing volume of lungs decreases it’s pressure
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2
Q

The ability to enlarge, expand, inflate:

A

Compliance:

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3
Q

Tendency of a structure to return to its original size

A

Elasticity:

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4
Q

What reduces the the compliance of the lungs?

A 
Elasticity
Surface tension (water within alveoli)
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5
Q

Units for lung compliance:

A

ΔV/ΔP

where P is transpulmonary pressure

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6
Q

Why does pulmonary fibrosis decrease the lungs compliance?

A

Infiltrate the lungs with connective tissue proteins. Results in less expansion per a given change in pressure

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7
Q

Why are the lungs always in a state of elastic tension?

A

They are stuck the the chest wall, so they are always pulling away from it, and the ribs are always pulling away from them

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8
Q

lungs control fluid levels within alveoli:

  • Drives fluid into alveolar walls:
  • Drives fluid out of alveolar walls:
A
  • Drives fluid into alveolar walls:
    Active transport of Na+ into cells
  • Drives fluid out of alveolar walls:
    Active transport of Cl- out of cells
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9
Q

What defect causes cystic fibrosis?

A

one in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, a Cl- channel (CFTR is the only ABC family protein to act as a channel). Reduced ability to excrete water into alveoli results in viscous (low water content) mucous which is difficult to clear.

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10
Q

Surfactant:

  • Define:
  • Helps the lung’s get around which law?
A

A film of lipoprotein lining the alveoli, which lowers surface tension
Laplace law

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11
Q

Laplace law:

  • Define:
  • What does it imply?
  • Why is this not the case?
A 
- Define:
Pressure created by surface tension
P = (2 * T) / r
- What does it imply?
Smaller alveoli should be under more surface tension
- Why is this not the case?
surfactant
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12
Q

Surfactant two predominant phospholipids:

A

posphatidylcholine

phosphatidylglycerol

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13
Q

When does surfactant begin to be produced?

A

Late in fetal life

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14
Q

An normal infants first breath must overcome a transpulmonary pressure 15 to 20x that of subsequent breaths.
Why?

A

Many of its alveoli are collapsed, after the first breath, surfactant will stop them from collapsing again.

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15
Q

What difficulty must an infant born before surfactant production deal with?

A

Every breath must overcome collapsed alveoli. Must a transpulmonary pressure 15-20x a normal infants for each breath

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16
Q

What contributes to the elastic component of exhalation:

A

Elasticity of the lungs
Elasticity of intercostal muscles
Elasticity of the bone (sternum, ribs) as they move back into place

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17
Q

Intercostals involved in intense forceful breathing

A

internal intercostal muscles

INTense INTernal

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18
Q

Intercostals involved in restful breathing

A

External intercostals

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19
Q

Which other thoracic muscles become involved in respiration?

A

Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Scalenes

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20
Q

Forced exhalation:

- Muscles which contribute:

A
  • Muscles which contribute:
    Intercostal muscles
    Abdominal muscles
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21
Q

Vital Capacity:

A

The maximum amount of air which can be expelled after taking the greatest breath possible

22
Q

What device measures the amount of breath inhaled or exhaled

- What is a test like this called?

A

spirometer

Pulmonary function test

23
Q

Spirogram:

A

A graph of the amount exhaled/inhaled as measured by a spirometer

24
Q

Spirometer:

- Capacity vs Volume:

A
  • Capacity vs Volume:
    A capacity is the sum of two or more volumes
    (total lung capacity for example is residual volume + other volumes, don’t learn this example)
25
Q

Lung disorder:

  • Restrictive disorder:
  • Example of a Restrictive disorder:
A
  • Restrictive disorder:
    Vital capacity is decreased in the disorder. Difficult to inhale full capacity
  • Example of a Restrictive disorder:
    Pulmonary fibrosis
26
Q

Lung disorder:

  • Obstructive disorder:
  • Example of a obstructive disorder:
A 
- Obstructive disorder:
Forced expiratory volume is lower, vital capacity is usually normal
Difficulty exhaling
- Example of a obstructive disorder:
Asthma
27
Q

The percentage of your vital capacity which can be forced from you lungs in the first second:

A

Forced expiratory volume

28
Q

A Forced expiratory volume less then 80% is indicative of what?`

A

An obstructive respiratory disorder

29
Q

A subjective feeling of shortness of breath:

A

Dyspnea

30
Q

Multiplying the volume of one breath by the number of breaths in a minute

A

Total minute volume:

31
Q

Allergic asthma is the most common, it is also called:

A

Atopic asthma

32
Q

Children who grow up getting messy on farms or with pets and siblings are more or less likely to get asthma/allergies?

A

Less likely

33
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

  • Define:
  • Results in:
  • Example:
A
  • Define:
    Chronic inflammation from narrowing airways and destruction of alveolar walls.
  • Results in:
    accelerated age-related decline in the FEV1
  • Example:
    Emphysema
34
Q

Emphysema:

  • Symptoms:
  • Causative agents:
A
  • Symptoms:
    Reduction of the number of alveoli but increase in their size (reduces surface area
    Air trapping, collapse of bronchiole stopping air from escaping from some alveoli
  • Causative agent:
    Smoking (90% are or have been smokers)
    Pollution
35
Q

Emphysema:

- How does smoking and pollution cause the symptoms of emphysema:

A
  • How does smoking and pollution cause the symptoms of emphysema:
    Inflammation is promoted by new antigens -> macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes arrive in lung -> excrete proteases, elastases and destroy extracellular matrix -> alveoli devolve/emphysema
36
Q

Elastase in the emphysema immune responses is secreted by:

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

What is a specific protease secreted by alveolar macrophages?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

38
Q

Why is asthma not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

It is largely reversible when you take an inhaler (albuterol).
It is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness

39
Q

Barrel shape chest in emphysema is a sign of what?

A
  • hyperinflammation

- air trapping

40
Q

How will emphysema change the following?

  • CO2 levels?
  • Plasma pH?
  • Oxygen levels?
  • Hematocrit?
A 
- CO2 levels?
rise
- Plasma pH?
lower
- Oxygen levels?
lower
- Hematocrit?
rise
41
Q

Once a COPD develops, does stopping smoking reverse it?

A

No. It does not.

42
Q

Pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy the right ventricle, and lead to right ventricular failure.

A

Cor Pulmonale:

43
Q

Chronic pulmonary disease in addition to issues mentioned can cause:

A

Pneumonia
pulmonary emboli
heart failure (from cor pulmonale)

44
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis:

  • What type of lung disease?
  • Define:
  • general cause:
A
  • What type of lung disease?
    Restrictive lung disease
  • Define:
    normal structure of lungs is disrupted by fibrous connective tissue
  • general cause:
    Accumulation of particles less than 6 um in size in the respiratory zone
45
Q

Anthracosis:

  • Other name?
  • Causes?
A
  • Other name?
    black lung
  • Causes?
    pulmonary fibrosis
46
Q

1 atmosphere in mm/hg is:

A

760 mm/hg

47
Q

Total pressure of a mixture gas is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4

A

Dalton’s law:

48
Q

Every ___ feet below sea level is equivalent to another atmosphere of pressure:

A

33 feet

49
Q

Inspired air versus alveolar air:

  • O2:
  • CO2:
  • H20:
  • Why?
A 
- O2:
Lower (159 -> 105 mmHg)
- CO2:
(higher (.4mmHg -> 40 mmHg)
- H20:
Constant (Variable -> 47 mmHg)
- Why?
Increased levels of H2O decreases relative partial pressures of all other gasses. CO2 and O2 change because of metabolism and use/production.
50
Q

The amount of gas which can be dissolved in water depends on:

  • The temperature of the water (colder can absorb more)
  • The solubility of the gas, CO2 is more soluble then O2
  • The partial pressure of a gas in the air above the water
A

Henry’s law:

51
Q

Gas in the alveoli quickly become at equilibrium with the blood gas levels because:

A

Small exchange distances

Massive surface area

52
Q

Of the factors in Henry’s law which variable actually changes within the alveoli:

A

Partial pressure!
Not temp, it stays fairly constant in the blood.
The solubility of a gas is a constant for the gas.

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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