Test 5 Study Guide Part 2

Question 1

Boyle’s law:

• Define:
• Relation to lungs:

Answer 1

• Define:
  P1V1 = P2V2
• Relation to lungs:
  Increasing volume of lungs decreases it’s pressure

Question 2

The ability to enlarge, expand, inflate:

Answer 2

Compliance:

Question 3

Tendency of a structure to return to its original size

Answer 3

Elasticity:

Question 4

What reduces the the compliance of the lungs?

Answer 4

Elasticity
Surface tension (water within alveoli)

Question 5

Units for lung compliance:

Answer 5

ΔV/ΔP

where P is transpulmonary pressure

Question 6

Why does pulmonary fibrosis decrease the lungs compliance?

Answer 6

Infiltrate the lungs with connective tissue proteins. Results in less expansion per a given change in pressure

Question 7

Why are the lungs always in a state of elastic tension?

Answer 7

They are stuck the the chest wall, so they are always pulling away from it, and the ribs are always pulling away from them

Question 8

lungs control fluid levels within alveoli:

• Drives fluid into alveolar walls:
• Drives fluid out of alveolar walls:

Answer 8

• Drives fluid into alveolar walls:
  Active transport of Na+ into cells
• Drives fluid out of alveolar walls:
  Active transport of Cl- out of cells

Question 9

What defect causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 9

one in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, a Cl- channel (CFTR is the only ABC family protein to act as a channel). Reduced ability to excrete water into alveoli results in viscous (low water content) mucous which is difficult to clear.

Question 10

Surfactant:

• Define:
• Helps the lung’s get around which law?

Answer 10

A film of lipoprotein lining the alveoli, which lowers surface tension
Laplace law

Question 11

Laplace law:

• Define:
• What does it imply?
• Why is this not the case?

Answer 11

- Define:
Pressure created by surface tension
P = (2 * T) / r
- What does it imply?
Smaller alveoli should be under more surface tension
- Why is this not the case?
surfactant

Question 12

Surfactant two predominant phospholipids:

Answer 12

posphatidylcholine

phosphatidylglycerol

Question 13

When does surfactant begin to be produced?

Answer 13

Late in fetal life

Question 14

An normal infants first breath must overcome a transpulmonary pressure 15 to 20x that of subsequent breaths.
Why?

Answer 14

Many of its alveoli are collapsed, after the first breath, surfactant will stop them from collapsing again.

Question 15

What difficulty must an infant born before surfactant production deal with?

Answer 15

Every breath must overcome collapsed alveoli. Must a transpulmonary pressure 15-20x a normal infants for each breath

Question 16

What contributes to the elastic component of exhalation:

Answer 16

Elasticity of the lungs
Elasticity of intercostal muscles
Elasticity of the bone (sternum, ribs) as they move back into place

Question 17

Intercostals involved in intense forceful breathing

Answer 17

internal intercostal muscles

INTense INTernal

Question 18

Intercostals involved in restful breathing

Answer 18

External intercostals

Question 19

Which other thoracic muscles become involved in respiration?

Answer 19

Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Scalenes

Question 20

Forced exhalation:

- Muscles which contribute:

Answer 20

• Muscles which contribute:
  Intercostal muscles
  Abdominal muscles

Question 21

Vital Capacity:

Answer 21

The maximum amount of air which can be expelled after taking the greatest breath possible

Question 22

What device measures the amount of breath inhaled or exhaled

- What is a test like this called?

Answer 22

spirometer

Pulmonary function test

Question 23

Spirogram:

Answer 23

A graph of the amount exhaled/inhaled as measured by a spirometer

Question 24

Spirometer:

- Capacity vs Volume:

Answer 24

• Capacity vs Volume:
  A capacity is the sum of two or more volumes
  (total lung capacity for example is residual volume + other volumes, don’t learn this example)

Question 25

Lung disorder: - Restrictive disorder: - Example of a Restrictive disorder:

Answer 25

- Restrictive disorder: Vital capacity is decreased in the disorder. Difficult to inhale full capacity - Example of a Restrictive disorder: Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 26

Lung disorder: - Obstructive disorder: - Example of a obstructive disorder:

Answer 26

``` - Obstructive disorder: Forced expiratory volume is lower, vital capacity is usually normal Difficulty exhaling - Example of a obstructive disorder: Asthma ```

Question 27

The percentage of your vital capacity which can be forced from you lungs in the first second:

Answer 27

Forced expiratory volume

Question 28

A Forced expiratory volume less then 80% is indicative of what?`

Answer 28

An obstructive respiratory disorder

Question 29

A subjective feeling of shortness of breath:

Answer 29

Dyspnea

Question 30

Multiplying the volume of one breath by the number of breaths in a minute

Answer 30

Total minute volume:

Question 31

Allergic asthma is the most common, it is also called:

Answer 31

Atopic asthma

Question 32

Children who grow up getting messy on farms or with pets and siblings are more or less likely to get asthma/allergies?

Answer 32

Less likely

Question 33

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): - Define: - Results in: - Example:

Answer 33

- Define: Chronic inflammation from narrowing airways and destruction of alveolar walls. - Results in: accelerated age-related decline in the FEV1 - Example: Emphysema

Question 34

Emphysema: - Symptoms: - Causative agents:

Answer 34

- Symptoms: Reduction of the number of alveoli but increase in their size (reduces surface area Air trapping, collapse of bronchiole stopping air from escaping from some alveoli - Causative agent: Smoking (90% are or have been smokers) Pollution

Question 35

Emphysema: | - How does smoking and pollution cause the symptoms of emphysema:

Answer 35

- How does smoking and pollution cause the symptoms of emphysema: Inflammation is promoted by new antigens -> macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes arrive in lung -> excrete proteases, elastases and destroy extracellular matrix -> alveoli devolve/emphysema

Question 36

Elastase in the emphysema immune responses is secreted by:

Answer 36

Neutrophils

Question 37

What is a specific protease secreted by alveolar macrophages?

Answer 37

Matrix metalloproteinases

Question 38

Why is asthma not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 38

It is largely reversible when you take an inhaler (albuterol). It is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness

Question 39

Barrel shape chest in emphysema is a sign of what?

Answer 39

- hyperinflammation | - air trapping

Question 40

How will emphysema change the following? - CO2 levels? - Plasma pH? - Oxygen levels? - Hematocrit?

Answer 40

``` - CO2 levels? rise - Plasma pH? lower - Oxygen levels? lower - Hematocrit? rise ```

Question 41

Once a COPD develops, does stopping smoking reverse it?

Answer 41

No. It does not.

Question 42

Pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy the right ventricle, and lead to right ventricular failure.

Answer 42

Cor Pulmonale:

Question 43

Chronic pulmonary disease in addition to issues mentioned can cause:

Answer 43

Pneumonia pulmonary emboli heart failure (from cor pulmonale)

Question 44

Pulmonary fibrosis: - What type of lung disease? - Define: - general cause:

Answer 44

- What type of lung disease? Restrictive lung disease - Define: normal structure of lungs is disrupted by fibrous connective tissue - general cause: Accumulation of particles less than 6 um in size in the respiratory zone

Question 45

Anthracosis: - Other name? - Causes?

Answer 45

- Other name? black lung - Causes? pulmonary fibrosis

Question 46

1 atmosphere in mm/hg is:

Answer 46

760 mm/hg

Question 47

Total pressure of a mixture gas is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4

Answer 47

Dalton's law:

Question 48

Every ___ feet below sea level is equivalent to another atmosphere of pressure:

Answer 48

33 feet

Question 49

Inspired air versus alveolar air: - O2: - CO2: - H20: - Why?

Answer 49

``` - O2: Lower (159 -> 105 mmHg) - CO2: (higher (.4mmHg -> 40 mmHg) - H20: Constant (Variable -> 47 mmHg) - Why? Increased levels of H2O decreases relative partial pressures of all other gasses. CO2 and O2 change because of metabolism and use/production. ```

Question 50

The amount of gas which can be dissolved in water depends on: - The temperature of the water (colder can absorb more) - The solubility of the gas, CO2 is more soluble then O2 - The partial pressure of a gas in the air above the water

Answer 50

Henry's law:

Question 51

Gas in the alveoli quickly become at equilibrium with the blood gas levels because:

Answer 51

Small exchange distances | Massive surface area

Question 52

Of the factors in Henry's law which variable actually changes within the alveoli:

Answer 52

Partial pressure! Not temp, it stays fairly constant in the blood. The solubility of a gas is a constant for the gas.