Test 2 Study Guide Part 4 Flashcards
Weak androgens (cortical):
- Produced from:
- Function:
- Specific name:
- Produced from: zona reticularis - Function: in males unknown in females thought to contribute to sex drive (only source of androgens) - Specific name: androstendione testosterone
Mineralocorticoids:
- Produced from:
- Function:
- Specific name:
- Produced from: zona glomerulosa - Function: regulate mineral concentrations in the blood (Na+ and K+) - Specific name: Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids:
- Produced from:
- Function:
- Specific name:
- Produced from:
zona fasciculata - Function:
Raise blood glucose concentration. Gluconeogenesis of amino acids into glucose.
Break down proteins and stimulates lipolysis - Specific name:
Cortisol or hydrocortisone
What are exogenous glucocorticoids taken for?
Suppress the immune system and inhibit inflammation.
Helps to treat asthma and autoimmune disease
Negative sideaffects: include decreases ECM matrix protein synthesis, osteoporisis (from this), and hyperglycemia
Adrenal Medulla:
- Ratio of hormones:
- Duration of effects in comparison to sympathetic innervation:
- Ratio of hormones:
4 epinephrine to 1 norepinephrine - Duration of effects in comparison to sympathetic innervation:
Lasts 10x as long as sympathetic duration
What meets the metabolic needs of the sympathoadrenal system?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause release of glucose form the liver
Who is Hans Selye?
Hans Selye discovered GAS and the stress response
GAS:
- Stands for:
- Phases:
- Stands for:
General adaption syndrome - Phases:
Phase 1: ALARM, body mobilizes resources
Phase 2: RESISTANCE, body copes with stressor
Phase 3: EXHAUSTION, all reserves expended, sickness and death can result
Stressor define:
a deviation from homeostasis
Name positive stressor:
Name negative stressor:
Eustress
Distress
What stimulates the hypothalamus to increase its release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) thereby leading to stress?
What inhibits release of corticotropin releasing hormone?
Limbic system (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus) which regulate responses through the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord
In rodents what effect did eustress have on illness recovery?
Faster recovery times.
Effects of chronic stress:
atrophy of hippocampus (memory loss)
Promote tumor growth
Insulin resistance
can contribute to metabolic syndrome
Effect of acute stress on memory:
Increases long term potentiation (LTP) promoting memory
Effect of chronic stress on memory:
Decreases long term potentiation (LTP) decreasing memory
Stress hormones potential effect on the amygdala:
Believed that stress can contribute to anxiety and depression by acting on the amygdala and other systems. It is also believed this may help encode a fearful memory.
Metabolic effects of glucocorticoids:
- Effect:
- Condition exasperated by it:
- Metabolic syndrome:
- Effect:
Gluconeogenesis, catabolism of amino acids and fatty acids to build glucose (which is a faster access energy source, the body is preparing) - Condition exasperated by it:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (because of increased insulin resistance) - Metabolic syndrome:
involves central obesity (apple in the middle of body) and more!
Type 2 diabetes mellitus:
- Cause:
- Cause:
Body becomes ‘resistant’ to insulin. Cells do not use it as well as they should.
What are glucocorticoids antagonistic to?
Glucocorticoids are catabolic steroids.
They are antagonistic to anabolic steroids such as insulin (exasperate insulin resistance) and growth hormone