Test 5 Reproduction revealed Flashcards
The vessels in the umbilical cord are named according to their relationship to the?
Fetal Heart
(artery away from fetal heart)
(vein towards the fetal heart)
Umbelical cord has how many veins?
Arteries?
Arteries are oxygenated or deoxygenated?
1
2
deoxygenated (away from fetal heart, towards chorion frondosum)
How many layers separate the fetal and maternal blood?
Two
Syncytiotrophoblast
Fetal capillary endothelium
Three roles of the placenta:
- Provide conduit for waste disposal and nutrient delivery
- High protein production and metabolic processing (which helps protect the fetus, like the liver filters nutrients/toxins from the GI)
- Endocrine function
Hormones produced by the placenta:
All of these have human in front of it: Chorionic gonadotropin Growth hormone-variant (also called placental growth hormone) chorionic somatomammotroppin (also called placental lactogen)
human chorionic gonnadotroppin function:
LH like effect, maintains the corpus luteum.
May suppress maternal immune system.
Human Growth Hormone-Variant function:
- Other name:
works like maternal growth hormone. Stimulates lipolysis for nutrient generation for fetus.
- Other name:
placental growth hormone
chorionic Somatomammotroppin function:
- other name:
Supplements growth hormone. Mobilizes metabolism. No effect on lactation yet seen.
- other name:
human placental lactogen
What two hormones from the placenta produce a diabetes like effect:
- Why?
Human Growth Hormone-VariantHuman Growth Hormone-Variant
chorionic Somatomammotroppin
- Why?
mobilize sugar, which the placenta/fetus runs off of
Maternal pancreatic beta cells proliferate to prevent:
gestational diabetes
How much estrogen comparatively is produced by the placenta by 6 weeks?
Why?
100x as much
To help maintain the placenta once the corpus luteum tags out
Ratio shift for estrogen/progesterone during pregnancy:
Why?
100:1 ratio of estrogen/progesterone at beginning
1:1 ratio at the end
Progesterone helps:
- Calm uterine contractions
- maintain the placenta
Fetal-placental unit:
Maternal cholesterol -> placenta -> progesterone -> fetus -> androgens -> placenta -> estrogens
Estriol:
- Define:
Estriol is a weak estrogen
What hormone in the urine can be used to approximate health of the placenta?
Estriol
Which two agents can be used to induce labor?
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins (prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin prostaglandin E2)
What hormone in the first semester promotes the decidual reaction:
relaxin
Relaxin in animals:
Promotes softening of the pubic symphysis prior to parturition
Oxytocin effect on the uterus:
- Alternative means to produce oxytocin?
it causes it to contract (how it stimulates birth)
- Alternative means to produce oxytocin?
Give baby to the mother to suckle -> induces oxytocin -> uterus contracts -> reduces blood loss
Light somewhat irregular 20 - 30 second uterine contractions occurring every 20 minutes throughout much of pregnancy are called:
Braxton Hicks contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions:
- When can you start feeling them?
- function:
- How do they differ from true labor?
- When can you start feeling them?
mid pregnancy, though some women never notice - function:
Tone the uterus - How do they differ from true labor?
True labor contractions last longer 40 seconds
Positive feedback in labor:
Stretching of cervix -> more oxytocin released by pituitary -> stronger uterine contractions -> more Stretching of cervix -> more oxytocin released by pituitary -> etc.
Oxytocin:
- Stimulates the uterus how?
- Brand name:
- Stimulates the uterus how? Directly stimulates uterus Stimulates the uterus through prostaglandin - Brand name: Pitocin
Labor induction can use:
Injection of pitocin
Insertion of a suppository of prostaglandins into the vagina
Bloody show:
Expulsion of a protective mucous plug from the cervical canal
Head of the baby should be orientated towards:
The cervix
looking towards mother’s back (the floor)
First stage labor:
- cervix must thin out (effacement)
- Cervix must then dilate
- Amniotic sack is normally ruptured (water breaks)
When does the first stage of labor end?
When the cervix is dilated to 10 cm
En-caul birth:
Baby born within the amniotic sack
Second stage maneuver:
Contractions every 1-2 minutes
Women often perform valsalva’s maneuver
As the fetus enters the vagina, the desire to push increases
Advantages of squatting birth:
Widens the pelvic space
Helps mother apply force downward (with abdominals)
Gravity helps)
Less tearing of the perineum (region around genital and anus)
An incision to widen the vaginal opening and hasten delivery:
- Is called:
- Should be used?
- Is called:
episiotomy - Should be used?
Rarely
Why is the babies head guided down and turned to one side?
So one shoulder can exit at a time, reduces the chance they get caught
Why can the babies head mold to be cone shaped?
Because the bones are meant to move to allow the head to exit more easily
When is the umbilical cord cut?
After the baby is breathing normally. This allows babies to still oxygen from their mothers
Third stage of labor:
Separation and delivery of the placenta
Breech birth:
Baby comes out butt first
Cesarean section:
30% of births are done this way
Baby removed from abdomen
Mostly driven by concern for liability
Vernix Caseosa:
Protective white cheese-like substance produced by fetal skin to protect it.
Meconium:
Found inside the intestines of the fetus.
Expelled after birth.
Breast feeding helps to remove meconium, which has bilirubin
Effect of maternal hormone on sex characterizing traits and reproductive functions of babies:
Babies will sometimes have enlarged breasts, which produce milk
Female babies will sometimes have a mini period due before hormone levels drop
Structure of mammary gland (flow chart of milk flow):
Lobe (of lobules (of glandular alveoli)) -> excrete milk which flows -> secondary tubules -> mammary ducts -> ampulla (lumen of the lactiferous ducts) -> lactiferous ducts -> out of the nipple
What determines the size and shape of a woman’s breast?
Is this related to milk production?
Adipose tissue.
No, not really
Estrogen and mammary gland development:
Proliferation of tubules and ducts
Progesterone and mammary gland development:
Development of mammary alveoli
What causes the hypothalamus to excrete prolactin inhibiting hormone:
High levels of estrogen.
Prolactin inhibiting hormone:
- Turns out to be:
- Effect:
- Turns out to be:
Dopamine - Effect:
Inhibits anterior pituitary from excreting prolactin
What causes milk to start being produced?
The placenta is excreted (which produces estrogen) -> blood estrogen drops -> PIH levels drop -> prolactin from anterior pituitary -> milk protein production
How long is the milk supply delayed?
2 - 3 days of delay.
What can be done to prevent a women from creating breast milk after pregnancy?
Exogenous estrogen
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
Suckling effect on prolactin:
Neuro endocrine reflex.
Sensory stimuli from suckling -> inhibits release of PIH -> more prolactin
May also increase prolactin releasing hormone levels.
Milk letdown (ejection) reflex:
Neuro endocrine reflex.
Sensory stimuli from suckling -> oxytocin produced -> release of milk
Conditional reflex milk let down reflex explain:
Milk letdown reflex is initially triggered only by suckling, but can later be triggered by a bay crying, or seeing a baby.
What can suppress the milk let down reflex?
Fight or flight reflex
IgG gains entry to the fetus how?
IgG provides what?
Transplacental crossing
Passive immunity
Passive immunity from milk:
Predominately IgA, some IgG. Protects the intestinal tract.
Breast feeding contraception:
- Define:
- Most effective when:
- Define: Inhibits secretion of gonadatropins, which stops ovulating - Most effective when: mother has low calorie intake Baby is fed frequently
