Test 3 Study Guide Part 2 Flashcards
Hematopoiesis:
- Define:
- origin in early fetus:
- Define:
Production of any blood cell type (leukocytes, rbcs, platelets) - origin in early fetus:
Yolk sack
Myeloid tissue:
- define:
- Where is it located?
- define:
The tissue in which hematopoiesis occurs in the adult (it is part of the bone marrow) - Where is it located?
Ribs, skull, pelvis, spine, upper ends of humerus and femer
Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow, but that is not the only place they can amplify, explain.
The original cells differentiate within the bone marrow. Immune stimulation can cause mitotic division in the lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus)
Comparative survival rates of granular vs agranular leukocytes:
Agranular: 100 - 300 days
Granular: 12 hrs - 3 days
What organ produces Erythropoietin?
In response to what?
What is the acronym for Erythropoietin?
Kidney (kidney disease can cause anemia because of this)
Low oxygen levels (high altitude is a common one, so is anemia)
EPO
Methods for blood doping:
- Why is blood doping dangerous
Erythropoietin
Take EPO long before race. Take some blood. Freeze it. Centrifuge it before race, inject it into your arm.
- Why is blood doping dangerous?
It spikes your hematocrit so high that you’re at risk of blood becoming overly thick
Thrombopoietin (TBO) and thrombocyte regulation:
Liver predominantly produces thrombopoietin but the kidney’s help.
They produce thrombopoietin at a constant rate.
Both thrombocytes and the megakaryocytes have receptors for TBO.
When thrombocyte levels are low, less TBO is bound to thrombocytes and more is able to enter the bone marrow and stimulate megakaryocytes.
Conversely when thrombocyte levels are high less TBO is available to enter bone marrow, and megakaryocytes will not be be stimulated, causing platelet levels to drop.
Leukopoiesis:
- Regulation:
- Two important factors:
- Regulation:
Is complex an regulated by many cytokines - Two important factors:
G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF: granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor
Why are antigens called antigens?
Antibody generating (antigens)
The two arms antibody can lead to clumping. What is the term for clumping?
Agglutination
What are the four types of the ABO system?
A (A antigen)
B (B antigen)
AB (AB antigen)
O (A=no antigen)
Forward blood-typing:
- reagents:
Antibody against antigen A is added to one sample of blood
Antibody against antigen B is added to another sample of blood
If both solutions agglutinate: genotype AB
If A has RBC agglutinate: A_ (where _ cannot be B)
If B has RBC agglutinate: B_ (where _ cannot be A)
if neither clots: OO
reagent anti-A antiserum (antibodies against antibody A)
reagent anti-B antiserum (antibodies against the B antigen)
Reverse blood typing is done how?
People will often have antibodies against the ABO antigens that they themselves do not have.
By adding the patients plasma to RBCs known to have A or B antigens and watching for agglutination.
If A agglutinates, the person does not have A antigen
If B agglutinates, the person does not have B antigen
People with OO can theoretically agglutinate both
People with AB will theoretically not agglutinate either RBC
What blood typing decides who you can give plasma to?
reverse blod typing.
You can give plasma to anyone as long as the plasma does not have antibodies against that persons ABO antigen type. A type AB can donate plasma to anyone. A type O may only be able to donate plasma to other type Os.
What decides who you can give packed cells to?
You can give packed cells to anyone who doesn’t have antibodies against their antigens. AB can receive anytime of packed cells (because they will have antibodies to none of them.
When you test blood cells of the donor against the patients plasma to see if the patients blood has antibodies against the donors RBCs.
Major cross match:
What happens if you give blood cells to a patient with antibodies against them?
What is it called?
The cells will lyse upon entry.
A transfusion reaction.
transfusion reaction:
- symptom:
- symptoms: pee red due to hemolysis some agglutination fever, chills kidney failure shock coagulation abnormalities (clotting in some regions, internal bleeding elsewhere) Sense of impending doom sometimes death
Who are the universal donors of packed red blood cells:
Who are the universal recipients of packed red blood cells?
Type O (no antigens to be targeted by host antibodies) Type AB (no antibodies against any potential incoming blood antigen)
Who are the universal donors of plasma:
Who are the universal recipients of plasma:
Type AB (no antibodies, so no antigens can be targeted when donated) Type O (no antigens for incoming plasma antibodies to target)
Explain the Rh system:
There is a D antigen (genotypically D and d, where D is dominant for the antigen and d produces no detectable product).
If you have the D antigen you are Rh+, if not you are Rh-.