Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ADV. Human Phys > Reproduction Lec. 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

Reproduction Lec. 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two compartments of the Testes and their function:

A

The semeniferous tubules and the interstial cells. The interstitial cells are predominatley leydig cells and produce hormone. But our semineferous tubulues are involved in sperm production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the effect of FSH on females? On Males?

A

Stimulates follicular development.

Stimulates spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the target of FSH in the male (which cell type has receptors)?

A

Sertoli cells (nurse cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the target of LH in the male (which cell type has receptors)?

A

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

It increases testosterone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Testesterone inhibit? What produces it?

A

Leydig cells, and it inhibits production of the Gonadotropin releasing hormone and the production of LH by the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does inhibin inhibit? What produces inhibin?

A

Inhibin is produced by the sertoli cells, and it inhibits FSH production in the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Slow decline in testerone with ______.

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spermatogonia:

A

Sperm stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some differences propagated by the increased presence of testosterone?

A

Higher hemoglobin levels.
More height (testesterone also causes calcification of the growth plates)
Longer vocal cords (deeper voices in males)
More muscle development
Sex drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cells in the testicles produce estradiol?

What is estradiol?

A

Leydig cells, sertoli cells, and developing sperm cells.

The precursor to estrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary Spermatocyte:

Secondary Spermatocyte:

A

One meiosis

second meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Early Spermatid:

Late Spermatid:

A

spherical

beginning to be shaped like a sperm proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spermatozoa:

A

Mobile form of sperm. The active sperm themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What three ways are utilized to make the seminiferous tubules an immunologically privileged site?

A

Sertoli cells have tight gap junctions which form a blood-testis barrier.
Sertoli cells produce FAS ligand which binds to and causes suicide of T-cells.
Germinal cells also lack the MHC molecules, which helps protect them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the development of spermatogonia -> spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatazoa occur in terms of physical space?

A

Spermatagonia are on the basement membrane and travel to the lumen of the semineferous tubules whilst encapsulated between the tight junctions of the sertoli cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is autoimmune sympathetic orchitis?

A

if one of the testicles are damaged, the proteins within can be exposed to the outside, which can result in an immune response against both the healthy and unhealthy testicle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes the shape change which occurs as spermatids become spermatozoa?
In what other ways is spermatid development helped?

A

Sertoli cells engulf the cytoplasm of spermatids, actively shaping them into spermatazoa (this may provide needed regulatory molecules to inform sertoli cells about the progress of spermatogenesis).
Sertoli cell provides nutrients and gene products to the developing spermatids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is ABP produced and what does it stand for?
What is its function?
What stimulates its production?

A

In the sertoli cells, it is called androgen binding protein.
Binding protein and localizing it within the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
Production is stimulated by FSH

20
Q

What is the structure of the spermatazoon?

A

Head: acrosome (contains enzymes to allow entry into the cell) and the nucleus of the cell
Midpiece: has mitochondria, and has axoneme (9 + 2 flagella)
Principle piece: axoneme (9 + 2 flagella)
End piece: has nada

21
Q

When does the process of spermatogenisis begin?

A

During embryonic development, the spermatocyte will reach the primary stage but pause at prophase 1.
It will then pause until testosterone levels rise, which will cause spermatogenesis.

22
Q

In what manner does FSH effect spermatogenesis?

A

It increases the rate of spermatogenesis.

23
Q

What percentage of the total future number of sertoli cells exist in a newborn boy?
What causes the proliferation of these cells?
What is the impact of this?

A

FSH and Testosterone

If you go through puberty without FSH you may have decreased numbers of sertoli cells or take longer to develop them.

24
Q

Where do the sperm travel? Starting from the Lumen of the seminiferous tubules:

A

-> Rete testes -> efferent ductules -> epididymis -> Ductus deferens (vas deferens) -> ejaculatory duct -> prostate -> urethra -> cervix -> uterus

25
Q

How can you remember efferent ductules?

A

These ductules are where the sperm exit the testicles (efferent = exit)

26
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm storage (sperm are also stored in the ductus deferens) and sperm maturation (they gain some resistance to changes in temperature and pH and some motility begins)

27
Q

When do sperm become fully mobile?

A

In the female reproductive tract.

28
Q

What are the glands of the male reproductive tract in the order they are encountered?

A

Seminal Vesicles:
Prostate gland:
Bulbourethral glands (copper’s gland):

29
Q

Seminal vesicles:

  • Reason for name:
  • Contents of secretion:
A
  • Reason for name:
    Seminal = semen (this is where most the volume of the semen comes from 60%)
  • Contents of secretion:
    Fructose solution (for energy) and prostoglandins (to stimulate uterine contractions)
30
Q

Prostate gland:

- Contents of secretion:

A

Produces an alkaline agent (citric acid and calcium) which neutralizes the acidity of the male and female reproductive tracts (40% of semen volume)
Prostate also produces a coagulation factor

31
Q

Bulbourethral glands (copper’s gland):

  • Contents of these glands
  • Timing of release:
A
  • Contents of these glands:
    Produces lubrication, makes semen gelatinous.
  • Timing of release:
    released early in sexual stimulation
32
Q

What are the two androgen dependent glands?

A

Seminal vesicles:

Prostate:

33
Q 
Erectile Tissue (spongy erectile tissue):
- Name the two types:
A

Corpus spongiosum: surrounds the urethra, mushrooms into the head
Corpora Cavernosa: two corpus cavernosa which house the deep penile artery. This is the predominant source of erection

34
Q

Point and shoot:

- What does this mean?

A

Parasympathetic system is involved in erection

Sympathetic nervous system is involved in ejaculation

35
Q

Erection:

- Innervation:

A

Innervation:

  • Parasympathetic nerves of the corpora cavernosa release NO.
  • Penile artery and other vasculature also produces NO.
  • NO binds to a heme subunit which activates guanalyl cyclase (cGMP) which closes Ca2+ channels
  • Causes drop in intracellular Ca2+ and relaxation of smooth muscles
  • This causes the blood to flow into the penis. Outflow of blood is occluded to help sustain erection
36
Q

Erection:

- Innervation:

A

Innervation:

  • Parasympathetic nerves of the corpora cavernosa release NO.
  • Penile artery and other vasculature also produces NO.
  • NO binds to a heme subunit which activates guanalyl cyclase (cGMP) which closes Ca2+ channels
  • Causes drop in intracellular Ca2+ and relaxation of smooth muscles
  • This causes the blood to flow into the penis. Outflow of blood is occluded to help sustain erection
37
Q

Phosphodiesterase and viagra:

A

Viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase 5 which is the enzyme which breaks down cGMP and causes sustained cGMP levels, lower intracellular Ca, increased relaxation of smooth muscles, and sustained erection

38
Q

Ejaculation:

- Two stages

A

Emission: sympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis of the tubular system, contraction of the seminal vesicles and prostate,
Expulsion: semen in urethra activate somatic and sympathetic reflexes stimulate muscle contractions and lead to expulsion

39
Q

Sacral portion of the spinal cord:

- Modes of activation:

A

Modes of Activation:

  • touch receptors in the penis can cause direct stimulation of the sacral portion of the spinal cord
  • Hypothalamus of the brain can lead to integration of thought and erection. Erection can be stimulated or inhibited by thoughts.
40
Q

Nocturnal emission:

  • define:
  • Periodicity:
  • Spermarche:
A
  • define:
    Emission of semen during sleep if it is not emitted through sexual activity
  • Periodicity:
    Monthly
  • Spermarche:
    The first nocturnal emission, arbitrarily signals the start of male puberty, but doesn’t really because increased testosterone from the actual onset of puberty was needed to finish the develop of the sperm which where ejaculated in the first nocturnal emission
41
Q

Sperm counts:

  • Volume fluid:
  • Normal sperm per ml:
  • Oligospermia:
  • Infertility:
  • Factors which reduce sperm counts:
A
  • Volume fluid:
    1.5 - 5 mls
  • Normal sperm per ml:
    60 - 150 million sperm per ml
  • Oligospermia:
    20 million sperm per ml
  • Infertility:
    total ejaculation of less then 40 million sperms (in total volume of semen)
  • Factors which reduce sperm counts:
    Heat (sauna, hot tub), various pharmaceutical drugs, lead or arsenic poisoning, some illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine) and anabolic steroids (can be permanent or temporary decrease
42
Q

Antibodies against sperm:

  • present in (males and/or females):
  • Most common cause:
  • Cause:
A 
- present in (males and/or females):
males and females
- Most common cause:
vasectomy
- Cause:
- Reduced fertility
43
Q

Condom:

  • Method of reduction:
  • Effects on sexual disease:
A
  • Method of reduction:
    Barrier to seminal entry
  • Effects on sexual disease:
    Reduce transmission of sexual diseases
44
Q

Condom materials:

  • Natural membrane:
  • Latex condoms:
A 
- Natural membrane:
Reduce sperm entry
- Latex condoms:
Reduce sperm entry
Prevent viral entry
45
Q

How large a reduction is there in yearly pregnancy rate from condom usage?

A

89% (so if you use condoms, and have sex when you’d like that year, there is a 89% chance she will not be pregnant by the end of the year)

46
Q

Male birth control?

A

Side effects have been serious.
Large number of sperm made daily cause large hinderance.
Blood testis barrier also interferes drug development

47
Q

Vasectomy:

  • Define:
  • Reversibility:
A
  • Define:
    Vas deferens are cut and tied.
  • Reversibility:
    Not incredibly reversible. This is partially because the male will produce antibodies against the semen in 70% of vasectomies.

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions