Test 2 Study Guide 3 Flashcards
Beta-2 agonist:
- Name:
- Treats:
- Name:
Terbutaline (albuterol) - Treats:
dilates bronchiole to treat asthma
Preganglionic axons in the sympathetic, somatic, and parasympathetic systems are all:
excitatory nicotinic ACh receptors
What seperates exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine have duct, and release into a cavity or the outside.
Pancreas:
- Why is it endocrine and exocrine:
Produces insulin (in its pancreatic islets) and produces digestive secretions.
Do organs which are not strictly considered endocrine produce hormone molecules? Obviously because I asked the question. Name a few.
Yes.
Heart, brain, adipose tissue, stomach, kidneys and others
Define Neurohormone (give examples):
A substance secreted by the axon of a neuron into the bloodstream into the bloodstream. Examples: Vasopressin and oxytocin.
What are the three categories of hormones:
- Mention their solubility (ability to cross membrane
Amine hormones (amino acid derivatives):
- Most unable to cross the PM
Polypeptides:
- All are not lipid soluble. Cannot cross the membrane.
Steroids:
All lipid soluble, often bind to receptors within the cell.
Amine Hormones:
- Derived from:
- Secreted from:
- Derived from:
Tyrosine and Tryptophan - Secreted from:
Adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal gland
Peptide Hormone:
Protein Hormone:
Peptide Hormone: - Short chain: - E.G. Antidiuretic hormone Protein Hormone: - Long chain: >100 amino acids - Growth hormone (190 amino acids)
Glycoprotein hormones:
- E.G.:
Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
Steroid hormones:
- Derived from:
- Secreted from:
- Examples:
- Sources of Testosterone and Estrogen:
- Derived from:
Cholesterol - Secreted from:
Only two endocrine glands: adrenal cortex, and the gonads - Examples:
Testosterone, Estradiol, progesterone, cortisol - Sources of Testosterone and Estrogen:
Gonads and surprisingly the adrenal cortex
What classes of hormones are nonpolar/lipid soluble:
Steroids, thyroid hormones, and melatonin (despite being an amine hormone)
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland:
T4 (thyroxine AKA tetraiodothyronine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
Which type of hormone (polar or nonpolar) is best taken as pills?
Nonpolar and non-digestible. Estrogen, progesterone, thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine T4, triiodothyronine T3) because they can diffuse across the intestinal lining,
How must insulin be taken? Why?
Injection.
It is digestable (polypeptide)
Examples of polar hormones:
- Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepenephrine)
- Polypeptides: insulin, growth hormone, vasopressin
- Glycoproteins: LH and FSH
Which adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to:
- Norepinephrine:
- Epinephrine:
- Norepinephrine:
Alpha - Epinephrine:
Beta
Hormonal and neuronal control are both very similar. Both use a chemical and the diffusion distances differ but little else does.
I thought I’d throw this in.
Can something be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
Yes.
An example is secretin. In some cases something can be a neurotransmitter in one region of the brain, and a hormone in another.
Traits of an ideal hormone receptor:
Why?
High affinity
Low capacity
Hormones are at relatively low concentrations, therefore response must be robust to a relatively small amount
In what manner does transport of nonpolar hormones (steroid hormones, thyroid hormones) in the blood stream differ from transport of polar?
Polar diffuses within the plasma of the bloodstream.
Lipid proteins are associated with carrier proteins >99% of the time. They will then disassociate and diffuse into a cell