Test 5 Study Guide Part 1 Flashcards
Two forms of allergies (hypersensitivity reaction):
- Immediate Hypersensitivity: B lymphocyte mediated
- Delayed Hypersensitivity:
T lymphocyte mediated
Chronic runny or stuffy nose:
Allergic rhinitis
Hives is also called:
Atopic dermatitus
red eyes:
Conjunctivitis
- Immediate Hypersensitivity symptoms:
- rapid reaction: food allergies allergic asthma allergic rhinitis atopic dermatitis Conjunctivitis
a Non-allergic individual’s “allergic reaction”:
allergen stimulates Helper T lymphocyte (TH1) cells to secrete inflammatory interferon-γ and interleukin-2.
Allergic individual’s allergic first exposure to allergen:
Dendrite activates -> TH2 cells activated -> B-cell produces -> IgE binds Fc side -> Mast cells and basophils -> mast cells primed, with Fab side of IgE facing outward.
Immediate Hypersensitivity (second exposure to allergen):
Mast cells primed with IgE bind allergen, release Histamine, (leukotrienes, prostaglandins).
IgE binds to them where:
Basophils:
Mast cells:
Blood
Tissues
Histamine effect:
- constriction of bronchioles
- vasodilator
- anaphylactic shock is very systemic vasodilation from histamine
- bronchoconstriction in asthma is primarily caused by:
Leukotrienes secreted by Eosinophils and mast cells (both IgE primed)
Eosinophils predominant cause
- Asthma is treated with:
beta-2 adrenergic agonists
A test involves multiple sticks in the arm with a needle coated by different allergens.
What is it looking for?
Flare-and-wheal reaction
Flare: redness
Wheal: swelling
Common allergens:
bee stings, dust mites, varous foods, pollen grains
Delayed hypersensitivity:
- Cause:
- Treatment:
- Cause:
T-cell - Treatment:
Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) such as hydrocortisone
Examples of delayed hypersensitivity:
Contact dermatitis (caused by poison oak, nickel, chromium) tuberculin tine test mantoux test (purified protein derivative)
Respiration three definitions:
1: ventilation
2: gas exchange
3: oxygen utilization (cellular respiration)
Gas exchange between air and pulmonary arteries/veins (Co2 and O2)
Gas exchange between interstitial fluid and capillaries
External respiration:
Internal respiration:
Exhale what percentage of oxygen:
CO2:
16% O2
3-5% CO2
How many cells separate air and blood in the alveoli (site of external respiration):
2 cells
an alveolar cell
a capillary epithelium cell
Amount of surface area within human lungs:
One side of a tennis court
Type 1 alveolar cell:
Type 2 alveolar cell:
gas exchange occurs through these, most of the surface area
Secrete pulmonary surfactant and reabsorb Na+ and H2O stopping fluid build up
The exchange surface is also called:
- What is it?
The respiratory zone
- What is it?
It is the area over which gas exchange occurs in the lung
The respiratory zone is composed of?
The respiratory bronchiole
Alveoli
Conducting zone:
All the parts of the lung which cannot have gas exchange occur across them
Respiratory bronchioles:
- Distinctive feature:
They have alveoli along their walls
Conducting zone:
- Pathway:
mouth or nose -> pharynx -> larynx (glottis inside of this) -> trachea -> left and right primary bronchi -> all successive branches -> terminal bronchi -> (here it goes to the respiratory zone, the respiratory bronchi)
Pharynx:
Passageway where pathway for air and food cross
Glottis:
Vocal folds and the space between them
Larynx:
(voice box)
The ventricular folds (false vocal cords)
The vocal folds (true vocal cords
both part of the laryns.
Adam’s apple:
largest ring of cartilage of the larynx
Function of conducting system:
aid air to enter exchange surface.
Warm air
Humidify air
Clean the inspired air
Why do men have a prominent Adam’s apple:
Women gave it to them and it never disappeared, still stuck there.
testosterone stimulate larger formation
Mucociliary escalator:
- define:
- present:
ciliated epithelium, and mucus covering.
- present:
nose sinuses, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (starting at terminal bronchioles)
Mucociliary escalator:
- moves mucus/debris to:
- moves mucus/debris to:
the esophagus, you swallow it or cough it out
What size of particles do not normally enter the respiratory zone?
6 um
Dust cells:
- Are normally called:
Alveolar macrophages
What are the special cells, descended from monocytes which clean up particulates from the respiratory zone of the lungs:
Alveolar macrophages
A dome shaped sheet of striated skeletal muscle:
the diaphram
The diaphragm divides the body into what two cavities?
Abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Parietal:
Associated with the wall
Two serous membranes in the thoracic cavity and lungs are called:
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Intrapleural space:
a small “potential space” (thoracic cavity would have to lose pressure for this space to be visible) between the pleural membranes
Which pleura secretes the lubricant between the two serous membranes which allows the lungs to slide by the thoracic wall?
The parietal pleura
The pressure within the lungs/alveoli themselves
Intra-pulmonary pressure:
Pressure relative to atmospheric during:
Inhalation:
Passive Exhalation:
Inhalation:
-3 mm/hg
Exhalation:
+3 mm/hg
What mechanism lowers intrapulmonary pressure for inhalation?
Diaphragm lowers
the rips pull up and out
What mechanism raises intrapulmonary pressure for exhalation?
Passive elastic recoil
Pressure between the lungs, and the thoracic cavity, always lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure:
The difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure, keeps the lungs stuck to the thoracic walls
transpulmonary pressure:
