Test 5 Study Guide Part 1

Question 1

Two forms of allergies (hypersensitivity reaction):

Answer 1

• Immediate Hypersensitivity: B lymphocyte mediated
• Delayed Hypersensitivity:
  T lymphocyte mediated

Question 2

Chronic runny or stuffy nose:

Answer 2

Allergic rhinitis

Question 3

Hives is also called:

Answer 3

Atopic dermatitus

Question 4

red eyes:

Answer 4

Conjunctivitis

Question 5

• Immediate Hypersensitivity symptoms:

Answer 5

- rapid reaction:
food allergies
allergic asthma
allergic rhinitis
atopic dermatitis
Conjunctivitis

Question 6

a Non-allergic individual’s “allergic reaction”:

Answer 6

allergen stimulates Helper T lymphocyte (TH1) cells to secrete inflammatory interferon-γ and interleukin-2.

Question 7

Allergic individual’s allergic first exposure to allergen:

Answer 7

Dendrite activates -> TH2 cells activated -> B-cell produces -> IgE binds Fc side -> Mast cells and basophils -> mast cells primed, with Fab side of IgE facing outward.

Question 8

Immediate Hypersensitivity (second exposure to allergen):

Answer 8

Mast cells primed with IgE bind allergen, release Histamine, (leukotrienes, prostaglandins).

Question 9

IgE binds to them where:
Basophils:
Mast cells:

Answer 9

Blood

Tissues

Question 10

Histamine effect:

Answer 10

• constriction of bronchioles
• vasodilator
• anaphylactic shock is very systemic vasodilation from histamine

Question 11

• bronchoconstriction in asthma is primarily caused by:

Answer 11

Leukotrienes secreted by Eosinophils and mast cells (both IgE primed)
Eosinophils predominant cause

Question 12

• Asthma is treated with:

Answer 12

beta-2 adrenergic agonists

Question 13

A test involves multiple sticks in the arm with a needle coated by different allergens.
What is it looking for?

Answer 13

Flare-and-wheal reaction
Flare: redness
Wheal: swelling

Question 14

Common allergens:

Answer 14

bee stings, dust mites, varous foods, pollen grains

Question 15

Delayed hypersensitivity:

• Cause:
• Treatment:

Answer 15

• Cause:
  T-cell
• Treatment:
  Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) such as hydrocortisone

Question 16

Examples of delayed hypersensitivity:

Answer 16

Contact dermatitis (caused by poison oak, nickel, chromium)
tuberculin tine test
mantoux test (purified protein derivative)

Question 17

Respiration three definitions:

Answer 17

1: ventilation
2: gas exchange
3: oxygen utilization (cellular respiration)

Question 18

Gas exchange between air and pulmonary arteries/veins (Co2 and O2)
Gas exchange between interstitial fluid and capillaries

Answer 18

External respiration:

Internal respiration:

Question 19

Exhale what percentage of oxygen:

CO2:

Answer 19

16% O2

3-5% CO2

Question 20

How many cells separate air and blood in the alveoli (site of external respiration):

Answer 20

2 cells
an alveolar cell
a capillary epithelium cell

Question 21

Amount of surface area within human lungs:

Answer 21

One side of a tennis court

Question 22

Type 1 alveolar cell:

Type 2 alveolar cell:

Answer 22

gas exchange occurs through these, most of the surface area

Secrete pulmonary surfactant and reabsorb Na+ and H2O stopping fluid build up

Question 23

The exchange surface is also called:

- What is it?

Answer 23

The respiratory zone
- What is it?
It is the area over which gas exchange occurs in the lung

Question 24

The respiratory zone is composed of?

Answer 24

The respiratory bronchiole

Alveoli

Question 25

Conducting zone:

Answer 25

All the parts of the lung which cannot have gas exchange occur across them

Question 26

Respiratory bronchioles: | - Distinctive feature:

Answer 26

They have alveoli along their walls

Question 27

Conducting zone: | - Pathway:

Answer 27

mouth or nose -> pharynx -> larynx (glottis inside of this) -> trachea -> left and right primary bronchi -> all successive branches -> terminal bronchi -> (here it goes to the respiratory zone, the respiratory bronchi)

Question 28

Pharynx:

Answer 28

Passageway where pathway for air and food cross

Question 29

Glottis:

Answer 29

Vocal folds and the space between them

Question 30

Larynx:

Answer 30

(voice box) The ventricular folds (false vocal cords) The vocal folds (true vocal cords both part of the laryns.

Question 31

Adam's apple:

Answer 31

largest ring of cartilage of the larynx

Question 32

Function of conducting system:

Answer 32

aid air to enter exchange surface. Warm air Humidify air Clean the inspired air

Question 33

Why do men have a prominent Adam's apple:

Answer 33

Women gave it to them and it never disappeared, still stuck there. testosterone stimulate larger formation

Question 34

Mucociliary escalator: - define: - present:

Answer 34

ciliated epithelium, and mucus covering. - present: nose sinuses, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (starting at terminal bronchioles)

Question 35

Mucociliary escalator: | - moves mucus/debris to:

Answer 35

- moves mucus/debris to: | the esophagus, you swallow it or cough it out

Question 36

What size of particles do not normally enter the respiratory zone?

Answer 36

6 um

Question 37

Dust cells: | - Are normally called:

Answer 37

Alveolar macrophages

Question 38

What are the special cells, descended from monocytes which clean up particulates from the respiratory zone of the lungs:

Answer 38

Alveolar macrophages

Question 39

A dome shaped sheet of striated skeletal muscle:

Answer 39

the diaphram

Question 40

The diaphragm divides the body into what two cavities?

Answer 40

Abdominopelvic cavity | Thoracic cavity

Question 41

Parietal:

Answer 41

Associated with the wall

Question 42

Two serous membranes in the thoracic cavity and lungs are called:

Answer 42

Parietal pleura | Visceral pleura

Question 43

Intrapleural space:

Answer 43

a small “potential space” (thoracic cavity would have to lose pressure for this space to be visible) between the pleural membranes

Question 44

Which pleura secretes the lubricant between the two serous membranes which allows the lungs to slide by the thoracic wall?

Answer 44

The parietal pleura

Question 45

The pressure within the lungs/alveoli themselves

Answer 45

Intra-pulmonary pressure:

Question 46

Pressure relative to atmospheric during: Inhalation: Passive Exhalation:

Answer 46

Inhalation: -3 mm/hg Exhalation: +3 mm/hg

Question 47

What mechanism lowers intrapulmonary pressure for inhalation?

Answer 47

Diaphragm lowers | the rips pull up and out

Question 48

What mechanism raises intrapulmonary pressure for exhalation?

Answer 48

Passive elastic recoil

Question 49

Pressure between the lungs, and the thoracic cavity, always lower than the intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 49

Intrapleural pressure:

Question 50

The difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure, keeps the lungs stuck to the thoracic walls

Answer 50

transpulmonary pressure: