Test 4 Reproduction Revealed Flashcards
Oral Contraceptives:
- Contain what:
- What does it mimic?
- Contain what: Synthetic progesterone Synthetic estrogen - What does it mimic? High levels of estrogen and progesterone mimic the luteal phase, the woman is extensively on an extended luteal phase
Changes in tip of cervix during the cycle (natural family planning).
Tip of cervix rises upward near the time of ovulation.
Also becomes softer near ovulation.
Cervical diameter increases.
Changes in tip of cervix during the cycle (natural family planning).
Tip of cervix rises upward near the time of ovulation.
Also becomes softer near ovulation.
Cervical diameter increases.
Effect of synthetic estrogen and progesterone on stratum functionale?
- How is this dealt with?
They cause it to over grow.
- How is this dealt with?
Take contraceptives for 3 weeks, then take sugar pills for one week, to allow it to shed.
Adverse effects of earlier birth control pills:
Blood clot
Pulmonary embolism
Deep vein thrombosis
Stroke
What has helped to reduce adverse effects of birth control pills?
Progestogens, which are analogous of progesterone.
- These have some beneficial effects including: decreased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer, reduction of osteoporosis
- Increased risk of breast cancer and possibl1y cervical cancer
What is the advantage of using a transdermal patch or the vaginal ring versus oral contraception?
You drug does not have to go through the liver immediately after entering the body (hepatic portal), so more of it survives
IUD stands for (it’s a long acting reversible device):
- Safety rate:
- How it works:
Intra uterine device: - Safety rate: Highest possible - How it works: Alter environment of uterus so fertilization does not occur. Implantation cannot take place. (some release hormones as well)
Subcutaneous implants (it's a long acting reversible device): - Safety rate:
- Safety rate:
Very high
Rhythm method:
Uses basal body temperature
Ineffective.
Basal body temperature:
- Theory:
- Issue:
- Theory:
Slight drop of body temperature on day of ovulation.
Light increase of temperature due to progesterone increase after ovulation.
These are measured and used to map when its safe to have sex - Issue:
There is so much variation it is ineffective to predict.
Basal body temperature (rhythm method):
- Theory:
- Issue:
- Theory:
Slight drop of body temperature on day of ovulation.
Light increase of temperature due to progesterone increase after ovulation.
These are measured and used to map when its safe to have sex - Issue:
There is so much variation it is ineffective to predict.
Honeymoon phase in natural planning means:
Sex a few days after ovulation, when its safe.
Diaphragm:
Inserted two hours before sex, coated with spermicidal jelly or cream. Must be left in for 6 hours after sexual relations.
Cervical cap:
Fits over the tip of cervix, must have spermicidal jelly or cream.
Barrier methods:
- Examples:
- Why are they often preferred?
- What is their disadvantage?
- Examples: Male condom Female condom - Why are they often preferred? Can help stop spread of STDs - What is their disadvantage? They can slip off
Contraceptive Vaccines:
Some that could target hCG (where off eventually)
Some that can target sperm
Cutting and sealing the oviducts/fallopian tubes
Tubal ligation:
Menopause:
- Occurs:
- Reason:
- Hormonal shift
- Occurs:
~ 50 - Reason:
the female runs out of oocytes, no more follicle formation
Ovariectomy - Hormonal shift
Loss of estradiol and inhibin production in ovaries.
Estrone:
- Formation:
- Significance in menopause:
- Formation:
Estrone is formed from weak androgens such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) - Significance in menopause:
Only estrogen (it’s a weak estrogen) left in females
Fat correlates with increased estrogen production, why?
Estrone is produced from DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone) and androstenedione
Symptoms of estradiol loss in menopause results in what symptoms?
Vasomotor disturbances
Urogenital atrophy
Vasomotor disturbances produce the “hot flashes”
Atrophy of urethra, vaginal wall, and vaginal glands. Loss of lubrication
Increased risk of ahterosclerotic cardiovascular disease
increased progression of osteoporosis
Where are sperm stored?
Epididymis and the nearby portion of the vas deferens
Why is such a high volume of sperm utilized?
Because only 10% achieve capacitance, and only 100 make it into each fallopian tube
Capacitation:
The ability of the sperm to fertilize an ovum
pH of the:
Vas deferens:
Vagina:
Cervical mucous:
Vas deferens: below 6.5
Vagina: ~4
Cervical mucous: 9
What allows increased mobility of the sperm in the female reproductive system?
High pH +excrusion of H+ (in exchange from Na+) -> raises pH of the sperm cytoplasm -> activates dynein of the flagellum.
Dynein proteins:
ATPase which moves across microtubules, can carry cargo, or power flagella