Test 1 Study Guide Part 5 Flashcards
Central sulcus separates:
Parietal and frontal lobe
Precentral Gyrus:
Motor control (upper motor neurons) Which the frontal lobe is in charge of
Postcentral Gyrus:
Sensory (somatosensory) in the temporal lobe which is in charge of somatosensory
Name all voltage gated Na+ channel blockers (which effect Action potentials):
Lidocaine
Cocaine
Saxitoxin
Tetrodotoxin
Broca’s area:
Broca area is the motor speech area
Broca and motor have the same number of letters, since it is motor it is in the frontal cortex
- Frontal lobe
- Left side
Wernicke’s area:
Sensory interpretive area,
this spans temporal and parietal lobes, which all have a sensory emphasis. Also found in the left hemisphere
In terms of sensory and motor neural emphasis is on which regions:
Face and hands
Mirror neurons:
- Origin:
- Regions they are interconnected with:
- Possible implication of their failure:
- Origin:
Nerves of the parietal and frontal cortex - Regions they are interconnected with:
insula - Possible implication of their failure:
Lack of empathy (and learning?) in autism spectral disorder
EEC readings: Alpha: Beta: Theta: Delta:
Alpha: Associated with relaxed awake adults, eyes closed. Parietal -> occipital
Beta: Frontal lobe. Associated with visual stimuli and mental activity
Theta: common in sleeping adults or awoken children
Emitted from Temporal and occipital lobes. If seen in awake adults it is indicative of emotional stress and a severe nervous breakdown
Delta: Cerebral cortex as a whole, common during adult sleep and for awake infants. Delta waves in an awake adult indicate brain damage (dumb, delta, disorder, damage)
Neurotransmitters which promote wakefulness:
Histamine
Neurotransmitters which promote sleep:
GABA and adenosine
What wave pattern is indicative of REM sleep?
Theta waves
How long is a sleep cycle?
90 Minutes
Which phase of sleep do you normally wake from?
REM (Phase 1)
What is slow wave sleep?
Phase 3 and 4 sleep, characteristic of delta waves
Order the following three in terms of neural activity during the phases:
- REM
- Non-REM
- Waking
- REM
- Waking
- Non-REM
What is characteristic of REM sleep?
Dreams Theta waves Rapid eye movement Higher brain metabolism then waking Limbic system is activated (evolved in emotion) a part of it the amygdala helps to mediate anxiety and fear
What is characteristic of Non-REM sleep?
Lower metabolism
Slow wave sleep: delta in three and four phase
regular heart rate
Memory consolidation
Basal Nuclei/Ganglia:
- Gray or white matter:
- Predominant function:
- Most predominant structure:
Gray (a nuclei is composed of somas, which are not myelinated)
Motor function
Corpus striatum
Corpus Striatum:
- Is composed of several masses of nuclei named:
Caudate nucleus (upper mass) Putamen (Lower mass = lentiform nucleus) Globus Pallidus (Lower mass = lentiform nucleus) Latin for pale globe
Motor circuit:
1: Motor cortex sends excitatory impulses (glutamate is the neurotransmitter) to the basal ganglia (nuclei) predominantly the Putamen
2: The Putamen (and friends in basal nuclei) send inhibitory impulses to other basal nuclei (utilizing the neurotransmitter GABA)
3: The Globus pallidus and the substantia nigra send inhibitory axons to the thalamus (using our friend GABA yet again)
4: The thalamus sends excitatory neurons back to the motor cortex
What is the function of the motor circuit?
It allows intended movements to occur while inhibiting unintended movements
It sends inhibitory stimuli out of the basal ganglia to inhibit other regions.
The globulus pallidus is noteworthy for what action in the motor circuit?
extensive GABA based inhibitory action
the substantia nigra are related to Parkinson’s how?
The substantia negris sends dopaminergic neurons to the corpus striatum. Degeneration of these neurons results in parkinson’s disease.