Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ADV. Human Phys > Test 2 Study guide 1 > Flashcards

Test 2 Study guide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon:

- Includes:

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pineal Gland:

  • Location:
  • Function:
A
  • Location: Epithalamus (diencephalon)

- Function: Production of melatonin for regulation of circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypothalamus:

  • Location:
  • Processes regulated
  • Processes influenced
  • What system does the hypothalamus work in conjunction with for emotional control?
A 
- Location:
Most inferior region of the diencephalon
- Processes regulated
Heart Rate:
Blood Pressure:
Digestive Activities:
Respiration:
Body Temperature:
- Processes influenced
emotional response:
Hunger:
Thirst:
Sexual Arousal
Sleep/wake cycles
- What system does the hypothalamus work in conjunction with for emotional control?
Limbic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What other major structure in the brain does the hypothalamus complex with (outside of the limbic system)

A

Multiple. Two examples include the neurohypophysis and the medulla oblongata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There is a satiety center in the _______. There is also an opposing center the _______/

A

Hypothalamus

Hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ the hypothalamus causes:
Heating
Cooling
Note: the hypothalamus controls sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes in conjunction with somatic motor response

A 
Heating:
- Dilation of blood skin capillaries (Sympathetic)
- Hyperventilation (Somatic)
- Sweat glands (Sympathetic)
- Salivation (Sympathetic)
Cooling:
- Shivering (somatic)
- Non-shivering thermogenesis (Sympathetic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pituitary gland:

  • Posterior derived from:
  • Anterior derived from:
A
  • Posterior derived from:
    Neural tissue (neurohypophysis)
  • Anterior derived from:
    Adenohypophysis (epithelial tissue and its glandular)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is signalling to the neurohypophysis achieved?

A

Direct neural route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurohypophysis:

  • Produces which hormones:
  • How do these hormones reach the neurohypophysis
A 
- Produces which hormones:
Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin (love hormone)
- How do these hormones reach the neurohypophysis:
hypothalama-hypophyseal tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adenohypophysis:

  • Produces which hormones:
  • How do these hormones reach the adenohypophysis
A 
- Produces which hormones:
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
- How do these hormones reach the adenohypophysis
They are produced there, but they are controlled by releasing/inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of Oxytocin?

A

Contraction of uterus during labor and it is the love hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adeno Define:

A

Relating to gland or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract:

- How does it work?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) are made in the hypothalamus, and transported down this tract of axons intracellularly into the neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chi define:

A

Greek letter x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus:

A

Electrical activity of 20000 neurons which automatically repeat themselves every 24 hours.
- Master control of circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some major physiological processes effected by circadian rhythms?

A

Alertness, body temp, hormone secretion, blood pressure, and metabolism (there are more)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do non-mammals control their day-light cycles?

A

Pineal gland is photoreceptive in non-mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What activates the retinohypothalamic tracts?

A

Activation of ganglion cells with their own light receptor, their own pigment melanopsin to absorb it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What informs the suprachiasmatic nucleus as to light information?

A

Retinohypothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does circadian clock genes refer to?

What is ‘unique’ about their regulation?

A

A set of genes which are activated by a manner related to the circadian rhythm.
Delayed activation is common by regulatory mechanisms, helping to synch peripheral clocks outside the circadian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What controls the release of melatonin:

A

Activation of the pineal gland by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Brain stem is composed of:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Melatonin production is highest when?

A

Night

24
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

- Functions:

A

Visual reflexes
Auditory reflexes
Mesolimbic system (goes to the basal nuclei)
Negrostriatal system (goes to the limbic system)

25
Q

What is a suggested cause of relapse? (what causes addiction seeking behavior)

A

A failure of glutamate in neurons to stimulate the nucleus accumbens and other structures in the limbic system

26
Q

Pons:

A

Regulation of respiration

Bridge between different regions of the brain (neurons travel up it, it is connected loosely to the cerebellum)

27
Q

Locked-in syndrome is what?

A

A damage to the lateral portion of the pons which results in paralysis of almost all motor neurons. Communication can only be performed by blinking

28
Q

Cerebellum:

  • Function:
  • Input comes from:
  • Output comes from and to:
A
  • Function:
    Motor coordination
  • Input comes from:
    Proprioceptors (muscles and other good stuff)
  • Output comes from and to:
    ALL output comes from Purkinje cells and it is inhibitory (it goes to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex
29
Q

What other functions have been implicated for the cerebellum?

A

Acquisition of sensory data, memory, emotion and other higher functions. Helps with motor learning.
May be related to schizophrenia and autism

30
Q

Medulla Oblongata (final inch of your brain before the spinal cord):

  • Function:
  • Notable side facts:
A
  • Function:
    Regulates breathing
    Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels
    Helps regulate the heart
  • Notable side facts:
    Last inch of the brain before the spinal cord
    Many nerves decussate in the medulla oblongata
    All nerves from the spinal cord run through the medulla oblongata
31
Q

Pyramids of the medulla, what are they about?

A

They are an elevated structure within which many of the nerves both ascending and descending decussate

32
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate at?

A

The vagus nuclei is localized in the medulla oblongata

33
Q

What is a vital center of the brain?

A

Control critical areas of the body (respiration, heart rate)

34
Q

Vital centers of the medulla:

A 
Vasomotor center (vasodilation/constriction)
Cardiac control center (heart rate)
Respiratory center (rhythmicity center):
35
Q

Reticular Activating System:

  • Function:
  • Locations:
A
  • Function:
    Activity of the RAS results in wakefulness. Inhibition of the RAS promotes sleep
    Filters and enhances sensory stimuli which that the thalamus sends to the cerebrum. (the thalamus is also involved in the reticular activating system)
  • Locations:
    Brainstem (all over)
36
Q

What sense does not go through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

37
Q

Neurotransmitters of the Reticular Activating System:

A

Cholinergic (ACh): found in the brain stem that projects to the thalamus (enhance transmission of sensory information to the thalamus)
Monoamine neurotransmitters: Found in the hypothalamus, various projections into the cerebral cortex.

38
Q

It is a part of the mesolimbic system. Nerves from the project to the nucleus accumbens.

A

VTA (ventral tegmental area):

39
Q

What counteracts the arousal pathways of the RAS?

A

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus VLPO and other GABA releasing neurons counteract the RAS, and are actively inhibiting in the sleep state.

40
Q

What is associated with a loss of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (which is located within the RAS)

A

LHA is associated with promotion of wakefulness using a neurotransmitter called orexin (and hypocretin-1)
Narcolepsy is associated with a decrease in orexin secreting neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area. This can be caused by an autoimmune disorder and is known to have a genetic basis.
Orexin also promotes craving for food, exercise and abused drugs.

41
Q

What is located in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies of spinal MOTOR and association neurons. (the sensory nerves are packaged in ganglia outside of the spinal cord)

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

In dorsal root ganglia, outside of the spine.

43
Q

Nomenclature:

  • How are ascending tracts named:
  • How are descending tracts named:
A
  • How are ascending tracts named:
    start with Spino, end with region they are headed to (spinothalamic tract ascends to the thalamus)
  • How are descending tracts named:
    Start with region of the brain, and end with spinal. Example: corticospinal tracts (cerebral cortex into the spine)
44
Q

Where does the majority of deccusation occur?

A 
The medulla (80 - 90 %) : pyramids of the medulla
Some can occur in the spinal cord.
45
Q

Where do most afferent nerves terminate?

A

The somatosensory (including the postcentral gyrus)

46
Q

Corticospinal (pyrimidal) tracts:

A

Descend directly without synapsis along the lateral spinal tracts (because it utilizes the lateral spinal tracts, it must decussate in the medulla 80-90% of the corticospinal neurons) and the anterior tracts (which decussate in the spine 10 - 20% of the corticospinal neurons)

47
Q

What results for the decussation of nerves leading down to the body?

A

Somatic-twist. which caused other benefits, there is no real advantage to contralateralism.

48
Q

Hemiplegia:

A

Paralysis of one side of the body.

49
Q

What other than hemiplasia often occurs when there is damage to the motor centers of the left side of the brain?
What does this suggest?

A

Impaired skilled motor response in both hands.
This suggest a role for the corpus callosum with crossover of neurons from the right side of the brain. This may also effect handedness (it could be why most people are right handed)

50
Q

Extrapyrimidal motor tracts:

A

These complex with the motor areas of the nigriastriatal system (substantia nigra and corpus striatum)
Parkinson’s disease has symptoms often referred to as extrapyrimidal symptoms because of this.
These nerves descend the reticulospinal tracts

51
Q

Where the eyes nerves partially decussate.

A

Optic Chiasma:

52
Q

Three areas which regulate breathing:

A 
Pneumotaxic area (pons)
Apneustic area (pons)
Rythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
53
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts:

A

Cortical spinal tracts which decusated in the medulla

54
Q

Anterior corticospinal tracts:

A

Cortical spinal tracts which did not decussate in the medulla, the decussate in the spine

55
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts:

  • originate where?
  • controlled by what?
  • Descend in what tracts?
A 
- originate where?
brain stem
- controlled by what?
Basal nuclei (substantia nigra and corpus striatum)
- Descend in what tracts?
Reticulospinal tracts

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions