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ADV. Human Phys > Test 4 Study Guide Part 6 > Flashcards

Test 4 Study Guide Part 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages:

  • Are called what in the bloodstream?
  • What do they do in inflammation?
A
  • Are called what in the bloodstream?
  • What do they do in inflammation?
    They ingest microrganism and ECM fragments
    Excrete Nitric oxide (vasodilator, destroy bacteria)
    Engulf remains of neutrophils
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2
Q

Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils causes:

A

Macrophages to release growth factors and agents to stop inflammation and support repair.

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3
Q

NO has to functions:

A

Antibacterial

Vasodilator

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4
Q

B-lymphocyte involvement in inflammation:

A

Produce antibodies specific to antigenic determinants

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5
Q

Binding of antibodies to antigen:

A

Enhances non-specific response (due to antigen antibody complexes activating compliment system)
Act as opsonins

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6
Q

Process by which an organism is marked for phagocytosis

A

Opsinisation:

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7
Q

Opsonins:

  • name two:
  • what do they do?
A 
- name two:
Complement proteins
Antibodies
- what do they do?
mark for phagocytosis, they help make bridges between pathogen and immune cell. helps hold organism in place and allow it to be easier to phagocytose
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8
Q

What promotes pain in inflammation?

How does aspirin inhibit it?

A

Prostaglandin E2

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase stops prostaglandin production, reducing pain

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9
Q

COX-1, COX-2 stand for what?
What do that do?
What inhibits them?

A

Cycloxygenase-1, Cycloxygenase-2
Make prostaglandins
NSAIDs (including aspirin)

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10
Q

If infection from inflammation continues, what will be produced to promote fever?

A

Interluekin-1 (endogenous pyrogen)

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11
Q

Chronic inflammation can lead to:

A
  • Pulmonary disease:
  • Diabetes II:
  • Autoimmune disease:
  • Arthritis:
  • Neurological disease:
  • Alzheimer:
  • Cardiovascular disease:
  • Cancer:
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12
Q

Are B and T cells visually distinguishable?

A

No

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13
Q

Where does B-cell activation usually occur?

A

in the germinal center of a secondary lymphatic organ.

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14
Q

What does an activated B-cell do?

A

Replicate.

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15
Q

Activated b-cell progeny will become either:

A

Memory cell

Plasma cell

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16
Q

Plasma cells produce how many antibodies a second?

A

2000

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17
Q

Antibodies:

  • Alternative names:
  • Mechanism:
A 
- Alternative names:
Gamma globulins
Immunoglobulins
- Mechanism:
mark targets for destruction
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18
Q

IgG:

A

80% of antibody in plasma
Activates complement
Can cross placenta and leave the blood easily

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19
Q

IgA:

  • two forms:
  • Located
  • Does not:
A 
- two forms:
monomer
dimer
- Located
In body secretions (milk, saliva)
- Does not:
Activate compliment
Enter tissues
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20
Q

IgE:

A

Important in allergic (immediate hypersensitivity) reactions

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21
Q

for antibodies…
Stock the Y is called:
top of the Y is called:
Which region varies in order to bind the antigen?

A

Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

Antigen-binding fragment (Fab)

Fab

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22
Q

Antibody receptors:

A

Found on B-cells
Very specific to one antigen
Antigen can be a carbohydrate or protein
B-cells when activated will produce only one antibody

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23
Q

Two pathways for activation of compliment system:

A 
Classical pathway (faster. antibody-antigen complex by IgG or IgM)
Alternative pathway (bind to target on pathogen surface)
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24
Q

complement proteins attach to the cell membrane and destroy the victim cell.

A

Compliment fixation:

25
Which compliment proteins stimulate mast cells to excrete histamine? Which serve as chemokines macrophages for macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes and eosnophils?
C3a and C5a | C3a and C5a (does both)
26
Membrane attack complex: - Formed by: - Mechanism of pathogen destruction:
- Formed by: C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 - Mechanism of pathogen destruction: membrane attack complex is a pore in the cell. It causes osmotic influx of water, which lyses the pathogen
27
What causes destruction of RBCs in a transfusion reaction and in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Antigen-antibody complex -> Compliment fixation (compliment proteins kill them)
28
the compliment fragments: - direct affects: - Affect as a result of other activations:
- direct affects: Chemotaxis Opsinization Stimulate mast cells to release histamine - Affect as a result of other activations: Histamine release -> vasodilation of blood vessels, increased permeability -> more phagocytic cells come -> edema results from leakage of plasma protein into surrounding fluid
29
Three types of effector T cells:
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells Memory T cells Regulatory T cells
30
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an: | - Is targeted by:
Intracellular bacterium | Cell-mediated immunity
31
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: - Surface molecule: - Function:
- Surface molecule: CD8 - Function: Cell-mediated destruction of cells with intracellular parasites (requires physical contact)
32
Cell-mediated destruction:
Process requiring physical proximity by which a cell kills another cell. Perforin makes whole -> granzymes enter -> capsases activated (cell undergoes apoptosis and dies)
33
Perforins:
Produced by cytotoxic T-cells, make a whole through which granzymes can enter.
34
Granzymes:
Produced by cytotoxic T-cells, enter through perforin induced wholes, activate caspases
35
Caspases:
Enzymes involved in the events of cell death. Activated by granzymes during cell-mediated destruction to cause a cell to kill itself.
36
``` - Test: press of four tines into skin coated in acellular extract, old tuberculin if HARD (inflammation) in 48-72 hours it is positive for tuberculosis ```
Tuberculin time test: | - Test:
37
- Test: Injection of purified protein derivative by needle if HARD (inflammation) in 48-72 hours it is positive for tuberculosis
Mantoux test: | - Test:
38
Tuberculin time test and Mantoux test: - Predominant Immune cells: - Example of:
- Predominant Immune cell: T- cell, cell mediated response - Example of: delayed hypersensitivity
39
Helper T cells: - Surface molecule: - Function: - Which virus targets this specifically?
- Surface molecule: CD4 - Function: Improve B cell differentiation into plasma cells enhance ability of cytotoxic lymphocytes to mount cell-mediated immune response - Which virus targets this specifically? HIV is specific to CD4
40
Helper T cells perform their function how?
``` Secrete lymphokines (type of cytokine). E.G. interleukin-2 is a cytokine which aids killer T lymphocyte response ```
41
Regulatory T cells (Ts): - Function: - How?
- Function: Immune suppression to prevent inappropriate immune responses - How? Not completely understood. Requires close proximity (maybe physical contact) between Ts and target. Cytokines necessary
42
What can result from inadequate regulatory T cell function?
Autoimmune disease | Allergies
43
Lymphokine:
Autocrine (type of cytokine that effect the cell type which excretes them) of a lymphocyte.
44
Naming conventions for lymphokines:
Interleukin-#, where numbers are assigned in chronological order after the sequence of amino acids is known
45
Interleukin-1 (IL-1):
Induces proliferation and activation of T-lymphocytes | Endogenous Pyrogen
46
Interleukin-2 (IL-2):
Induces proliferation of activated of T-lymphocytes
47
Interleukin-4 (IL-4):
Stimulates proliferation of activated B cells promotes IgE antibody production increases cytotoxic t cell activity
48
Interleukin-5 (IL-5):
induces activation of cytotoxic t cell promotes eosinophil differentiation Chemokine for eosinophils
49
T cell receptor proteins for antigens:
Recognize only proteins Can only bind antigens presented on a MHC (Major histocompatabillity complex) by a antigen presenting cell (often macrophages and dendrites)
50
What are the dendritic cells of the epidermis: | - How much of the epidermis do they take up?
Langerhans - How much of the epidermis do they take up? 3 - 5 % of all cells in the epidermis
51
Why do T-cells only respond to antigens on an MHC?
It's protective. It means T-cells can only respond against antigen presenting cell approved antigens
52
How do antigen presenting cells achieve activation of T lymphocytes?
Activated antigen presenting cells migrate through lymphatic vessels, to secondary lymphoid organs. They produce chemokines to attract T-lymphocytes
53
Activated T cells make:
Effector T cells first. | Then memory T cells
54
Tissue Typing:
Identify all histocompatibility antigens being displayed by a cell. If it is displaying radically different things then the host cells are graft rejection is going to go down hard.
55
Histocompatibility antigens:
A part of the MHC. They are proteins that are found within the cell (either naturally or after phagocytosis by an immune cell), This is the antigen checked by the T cells
56
Histocompatibility antigens are called what in humans? | Why?
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). This is because they used to tissue type WBCs, and so named histocompatibility antigens off of the cell they typed. These are coded for by a region of genes, known as the major histocompatibility complex located on chromosome 6.
57
MHC is both a set of genes, the MHC genes, and the molecule produced by these genes when they conglomerate.
True
58
Class 1 MHC molecules (MHC-1): - Found on what cells? - Present what?
- Present by what cells? All but RBCs (all nucleated) - Present what? Internal proteins, usually self antigens unless invaded
59
Class 2 MHC molecules (MHC-2): - Found on what cells? - Present what? - Present to what cells?
- Found on what cells? Only antigen presenting cells (Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B cells) - Present what? Their class-2 MHC molecules together with foreign antigen found by ENDOCYTOSIS - Present to what cells? T cells

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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