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ADV. Human Phys > Lab Quiz 2 - 2 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 2 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name of professor who studies stress in baboons?

A

Robert Sapolsky

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2
Q

Which hormones are central to stress response?

A

Adrenaline

Glucocorticoids

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3
Q

Link between hormone stress levels and hierarchy:

A

Dominant males have lower levels of glucocorticoids and adrenaline
Submissive animals have higher levels of glucocorticoids and adrenaline

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4
Q

Link between stress hormone, hierarchy and physiological state:

A

Low rankers -> higher stress hormone levels -> high blood pressure, increased heart rates, weaker immune systems, reproductive system is more vulnerable, brain chemistry similar to clinically depressed humans

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5
Q

Who tracked the health of humans according to hierarchy?

- Study name?

A 
Sir Micheal Marmmot
Whitehall study (all jobs are ranked here)
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6
Q

Whitehall study found:

A

People lower in the hierarchy have high blood pressure, increased heart rates, weaker immune systems. (likely higher stress levels)
Hierarchy matches what is seen in humans

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7
Q

Whitehall study and weight correlation:

A

Lower ranked individuals are more likely to be obese

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8
Q

Stress and ulcers?

- Causes of ulcers:

A

Ulcers caused by a bacterium
Bacterium is present in all individuals
Stress disrupts immune system
Bacterium can then cause damage aka ulcers

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9
Q

Who studies macaques?

A

Carol Shivley

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10
Q

Macaques and arterial condition and hierarchy:

A

low on the hierarchy -> increased stress hormone levels -> increased blood pressure/heart rate -> increased probability of atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

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11
Q

Effect of chronic stress on brain cell branching in rats?

A

It decreased branching neurons (in hippocampus)

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12
Q

Which region shrinks in response to chronic stress?

A

Hippocampus (memory and learning)

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13
Q

Two effects of stress on memory:

A
  • Chronic: can change brain circuits, reducing ability to remember
  • Sever Acute Stress: making it so you can’t remember things in the short term you know perfectly well (when you blank on an exam)
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14
Q

Hierarchy effect on dopamine levels and pleasure:

A

Less dominant monkeys have less dopamine

Less dopamine = less pleasure from life

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15
Q

In addition to stress increasing weight gain, what region does stress increase weight gain in?

A

The center of the body (abdomen)

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16
Q

Why is fat produced by stress more dangerous?

A

It is on the trunk/inside the abdomen produces different hormones and chemicals and has more dangerous effects on your health

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17
Q

Findings of the dutch hunger winter (response to famine is similar to other stressors):

A

Stress in fetal life:

  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease:
  • More risk of hypercholesterolemia:
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18
Q

Chronic stress effect on telomere length:

A

If an individual is more highly stressed, their telomeres shorten faster.
Degree of stress, and duration of stressor both correlate with shorter than average telomeres for age

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19
Q

What repairs telomeres?

- What activates this system?

A

Telomerase
- What activates this system?
Higher levels of interconnectivity and compassion

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20
Q

What happened to the keekorok troop (the first baboons he had ever studied):

A

Foraged for food in trash -> exposed to tuberculosis -> almost half the males in troop died

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21
Q

Who died and who survived the tuberculosis in the keekorok troop?

A

Aggressive, and not socially connected (didn’t groom) died.
All alpha males died.
Only the “good guys” survived
Transformed atmosphere of the troop.

22
Q

Chronic change keekorok troop:

A

Animals become polite, new members who joined the troop eventually became nice.
- Lower blood pressure, lower stress, less brain chemistry related to anxiety

23
Q

Keys to stress reduction:

A

Control, involvement, and reward

- People must choose to focus on whatever hierarchy they have control over

24
Q

Find a place we have control:

A
  • Give people more control, involvement, reward and they will likely work harder and be healthier
25
Q

EKG/ECG stands for?

A

Electrocardiogram

26
Q

What are the two types of control exerted on the heart?

A 
Autonomic system: speed or slow the heart
Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system: SA -> AV (.1 sec delay) -> bundle of his -> left/right bundle branch -> purkinje fibers
27
Q

Which ventricle has a more complex network of purkinje fibers?
Why?

A

Left

Larger

28
Q

Alternative name for the bundle of HIS?

A

Atrioventricular Bundle

29
Q

An electrocardiograph produces a?

A

Electrocardiogram

backwards

30
Q

ECG waves:

A
  • P: Atrial depolarizes
  • QRS: Ventricles depolarize, atria repolarize
  • T: Ventricles repolarize
31
Q

Flaws of the ECG:

A

Record of voltage over time

  • Muscle does not have to follow voltage
  • Detects depolarization and repolarization of myocardium, the nodes themselves cannot be detected
32
Q

P - R (P - Q):

  • Define:
  • Duration:
  • Corresponds with:
A
  • Define:
    Represents the time between atrial depolarization and ventricular polarization (time it takes to travel through AV node and AV bundle, left/right bundle branch, purkinje fibers to depolarize tissue
  • Duration:
    .16 - .18 seconds
  • Corresponds with:
    Time spent in conduction
    Period during which atrial systole occurs
33
Q

A prolonged P - Q (P - S) likely means:

A

partial atrioventricular node block due to damage (slower conduction)

34
Q

Total AV block would look like?

A

AV node does not transmit.

The atria and ventricles beat independent of each other (atria is faster, due to the SA node)

35
Q

QRS interval:

  • Define:
  • Duration:
  • Extended duration meaning?
A
  • Define:
    Time it takes the ventricles to depolarize
  • Duration:
    .04 - .12 seconds
  • Extended duration meaning?
    likely left or right bundle branch block, one ventricle must depolarize, then spread to the adjacent ventricle, this is slower, causing the prolonged depolarization
36
Q

Q - T interval:

  • Define:
  • Duration:
A
  • Define:
    Time from ventricular depolarization to repolarization. Corresponds to ventricular contraction
  • Duration:
    .3 - .44
37
Q

Heart rate changes the duration of which interval?

A

The Q - T interval (timeframe over which the ventricle is contracted)

38
Q

> 100 beats / minute =

A

Tachycardia

39
Q

< 60 beats / minute =

A

Bradycardia

40
Q

Why does bradycardia exist in athletes?

A

They have increased stroke volume, so their heart can beat more slowly

41
Q

Einthoven’s triangle:

A

Bipolar leads at left ankle, and both wrists

42
Q

What triangle is used by bipolar leads?

A

Einthoven’s triangle

43
Q

Leads of a typical ECG machine:

- leads of ours:

A 
12 leads (3 bipolar, einthoven's triangle, 9 unipolar)
10 leads, but we used four
44
Q

Bipolar leads measure:

A

The difference in voltage between limbs (RA, LA, LL)

45
Q

Lead 1:

A

RA - LA

- has one L

46
Q

Lead 2:

A

RA - LL

- has two L’s

47
Q

Lead 3:

A

LA - LL

- has three L’s

48
Q

How is the middle lead, lead II calculated?

A

L2 = L1 + L3

- L2 is not recorded, but calculated

49
Q

What cream did we apply to the conduction site?

Why?

A

Keratin cream

Better conduction/voltage detection

50
Q

How many seconds does the machine travel in a mm?

A

.04 seconds / mm

51
Q

QRS -> QRS takes 20 mm, what is the heart rate?

A

.04 (sec/mm) * 20 (mm) = .8 seconds / beat

60 / .8 (seconds / beat) = 75 beats/second

52
Q

breath holding causes what effect?

A

Slowing of the heart rate (temporary bradycardia)

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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