Test 3 Clinical Applications Flashcards
Damage to lower motor neurons produces what:
a flaccid paralysis
Damage to upper motor neurons produces what?
A few weeks of spastic paralysis.
Characterized by increased muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflexes and other sings of hyper active lower motor neurons.
What effect do upper motor neurons have on lower motor neurons?
They inhibit them.
This is seen because lower motor neurons are hyper active without them.
Clonus:
on oscillation of a foot or other appendage caused by hyperactive stretch reflexes. Example being hamstring feels overly stretched, and fires too hard, which stretches the quad, which fires to hard, which stretches the hamstring, and so on.
What is another term for lower motor neurons?
motoneurons.
Function:
Troponin C:
Troponin I:
Troponin T:
Troponin C: Binds calcium Troponin I: inhibits binding of myosin head to active site Troponin T: Binds to tropomyosin.
What is a preferred blood test for detecting myocardial infarction (it relates to proteins associated with muscle):
Testing for myocardial specific troponin T and I (uses antibodies to find)
Creatine kinase isoenzyme (not as specific to the heart)
Calcium Channel blockers have what overall function?
Block voltage gated Ca2+ channels in muscles and pacemaker cells.
Dihydropyridines:
- Are class of:
- Are relatively specific for:
- Cause what?
- Are class of: Ca2+ channel blockers (block DHP channels) - Are relatively specific for: vascular smooth muscle - Cause what? Vasodilation
Cardizem:
Ca2+ channel blocker
- Promotes slowing of the heart
- Promotes vasodilation
Palpitations:
a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion, or illness.
Iron-deficiency anemia:
Low RBCs or hemaglobin.
results from insufficient iron for proper production of hemoglobin.
Pernicious anemia:
- Define:
- Possible causes:
- Define:
Due to a lack of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for absorption of B12
B12 in turn is necessary for production of hemaglobin - Possible causes:
autoimmune attack of gastric epithelium (and other causes)
Aplastic Anemia:
Damage to the bone marrow (chemo or radiation)
Plasia = growth or development. Aplasia would be a lack of growth or development. Aplastic anemia would be a lack of growth or development of RBCs, this is caused by an inability to develop (some form of insult to the bone marrow, an example being leukemia)
How might heavy menstruations and fatigue be related?
Cause extreme loss of blood, and more importantly iron. Results in iron-deficiency anemia (which in turn results in hypoxia)
Polycythemia:
abnormally large amounts of RBCs (opposite of anemia). May occur due to due to low oxygen levels in the environment.
Leukopenia:
abnormally low WBC count. Radiation is one potential cause.
Leukocytosis:
abnormally high WBC count, which can be caused by high cytokine levels during an infection
Leukocytosis:
Leuk = purtaining to WBCs
Cyto = cell
osis = Often swelling, which could be caused by increased proliferation. Leukocytosis = increased WBCs. (cyt = normal cells, not diseased)